Psychology Researchers

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

Found that if two stimuli are paired together on several occasions, a person/animal will learn to respond to the second stimuli alone as they originally did to the first

Question 2

B.F Skinner

Answer 2

Demonstrated via the Skinners box that an animal- rat, can learn to behave in a certain way due to rewards-food (positive reinforcement). To begin with the rat accidentally pressed the lever, performing this action lead to food. In another experiment when pressing the lever meant the rat avoided an electric shock, therefore it pressed the lever to avoid something undesirable (negative reinforcement).

Question 3

Albert Bandura

Answer 3

States that behaviour is learned from the environment through observational learning.

Question 4

Smith et al

Answer 4

Found that alcoholics treated with aversion therapy had higher abstinence rates after a year compared to those treated with counselling.
Also found that with aversion therapy, 52% of 300 smokers maintained abstinence after a year.

Question 5

Bancroft

Answer 5

Found that up to 50% of patients either refuse treatment or drop-out.

Question 6

Charles Darwin

Answer 6

Found that adaptations/characteristics enhancing survival will be passed on to offspring. Genes will be passed on to the next generation. This is known as natural selection.

Question 7

Cosgrove and Rauch

Answer 7

Found that bilateral cingulotomy was effective in 65% of patients suffering from a major affective disorder and 56% of patients suffering from OCD

Question 8

Mayberg et al

Answer 8

Found 4 out of 6 patients with severe depression had their symptoms dramatically reduced after having Deep Brain Stimulation.

Question 9

Moniz

Answer 9

Found a 70% success rate for patients suffering from schizophrenia and anxiety.

Question 10

Comer

Answer 10

Prefrontal lobotomies had a fatality rate of up to 6%

Question 11

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

Answer 11

Proposed that information is input to the brain through senses and moves to a short-term memory- STM store and then to a long-term memory- LTM store. It is output when it is needed

Question 12

David and Avellino

Answer 12

After attending 16-20 sessions CBT is said to be the most successful of all the therapies

Question 13

March et al

Answer 13

CBT reduced the number of suicidal thoughts in depressed teenagers by 24%

Question 14

Carmichael

Answer 14

He showed that a verbal label will shape the way a memory of a drawing is stored and consequently recalled. This therefore backs Loftus’ notion of ‘after the fact’ information altering initial perception and thus memory.

Question 15

Greene (1990)

Answer 15

Reported mock juries are sceptical about trusting eye-witnesses due to the media. This means they may bypass valid information and may let people go free.

Question 16

Huff et al(1986)

Answer 16

Reported nearly 60% of 500 mainly American wrongful convictions involved eye-witness identification errors.

Question 17

Seligman (2002)

Answer 17

Says the belief that traits such as virtue and happiness are less authentic than negative traits has been an obstacle in psychological research.

Question 18

Oxford University

Answer 18

Found that mindfulness was equally as effective as anti-depressants at preventing relapse of depression

Question 19

Sonja Lyubomirsky (2013)

Answer 19

Suggested happiness is due to 50% genetics, 10% life circumstance and 40% self control.

Question 20

Inglehart’s (1990)

Answer 20

Found that 10% of those in Portugal are happy compared to 40% in the Netherlands.

Question 21

Schredl 2000

Answer 21

70.4% of patients benefit from working on their dreams as part of psychoanalysis.

Question 22

Peasant and Zadra, 2004

Answer 22

Dream Analysis can aid the client’s insight and level of involvement/ commitment to the therapy, increasing likeliness of efficacy.

Question 23

Rutter et al (2010)

Answer 23

Found that Romanian orphans who were adopted by Western families before the age of 6 months were able to overcome the problems associated with early childhood separations

Question 24

Yuille and Cutshall (1989)

Answer 24

Showed how witnesses of a real robbery were not influenced in their accounts of the crime when two leading questions were used.

Question 25

Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

Answer 25

Provided evidence that the hormones associated with emotion, such as adrenaline, may enhance the storage of memories.

Question 26

Davies et al (1989)

Answer 26

Children between the ages of 6 and 7, and 10 and 11, are fairly accurate in their memories of an event, they do not usually ‘make things up’, and they do not deliberately lie when giving testimony.

Question 27

Anastasi and Rhodes (2006)

Answer 27

Found that all age groups are most accurate when recognising an offender from their own age group

Question 28

Cohen (1966)

Answer 28

Showed how faces are not seen in isolation but they are perceived or influenced both by the event itself and by people’s schema, social norms and values.

Question 29

Williams (1994)

Answer 29

examined records of young women who had been treated for sexual abuse as children and seventeen years later 38% of them had no conscious recall of the abuse.

Question 30

Kramer et al (1990)

Answer 30

Found that participants were less able to report information about facial features of the perpetrator if there was a weapon present, as their attention was focused on the weapon itself.

Question 31

Pozzulo and Lindsay (1998)

Answer 31

Found that children under the age of 5 were less likely than older children or adults to make correct identifications when the target individual was present.

Question 32

Yarmey (1993)

Answer 32

Asked 240 students to look at videos of 30 unknown males and classify them as ‘good guys’ or ‘bad guys’. There was high agreement amongst the participants, suggesting that there is similarity in the information stored in the ‘bad guy’ and ‘good guy’ schema.

Question 33

Bartlett (1932)

Answer 33

Suggested that although we think we remember accurately, we are continually trying to make sense of what is around us and our memories tend to be assimilated into existing schemas; known as ‘effort after meaning’.

Question 34

Faulkner et al (1989)

Answer 34

Found that children lack the vocabulary and schemas to understand what they have witnessed and articulate it to police, and the elderly may be more likely to be misled

Question 35

Roebers and Schneider (2010)

Answer 35

Found the effect of intelligence on child eye-witnesses was positive (where higher intelligence lead to more reliable recall), but shyness was negatively related to eye-witness recall (shy children are less accurate than those who are not shy).

Question 36

Coxon and Valentine (1997)

Answer 36

Found that both 8 year olds and 17 year olds were affected by questions containing misleading information, but that 70 year olds were not.