1.4.4 - Classic Research Loftus & palmer (Co)

Question 1

What did Carmichael et al find about providing people with different verbal description for the same set of images?

Answer 1

The memory of the image alters

Question 2

What does Carmichael’s research suggest about information and memory?

Answer 2

Info is not simply saved and regurgitated

Memory is reconstructed rather than reproduced

Question 3

If we are faced with an ambiguous situation what will we use?

Answer 3

Additional information to help us clarify our understanding and memory of a situation

Question 4

What did bartlett’s war of the ghosts study into reconstructive memory involve?

Answer 4

Reading a native America story (WOTG) to English participants and asking them to recall it

Question 5

What did Bartlett find from his war of the ghosts study into reconstructive memory?

Answer 5

His participants made the story more English reconstructing it using story schemas

Question 6

What did loftus and Palmer apply the idea of memory construction to?

Answer 6

eye witness testimony

Question 7

What did loftus and Palmer have a specific focus on regarding memory?

Answer 7

How language affects our memory

Question 8

What did loftus and Palmers research into reconstructive memory involve?

Answer 8

Looking at people’s ability to judge the speed of a car

Question 9

What did marshalls Air Force research involve?

Answer 9

Asking Air Force personnel to estimate how fast a car was going

Question 10

What did marshalls Air Force results show?

Answer 10

Speed estimates ranged from 10 - 50 mph when the actual speed was 12 mph

Question 11

What did marshalls research show about people’s judgement of speed?

Answer 11

They are often poor judges

Question 12

What was loftus and palmers aim?

Answer 12

To find out about the role of leading questions on how accurate people’s memories were off car accident

Question 13

What was the purpose of study 1?

Answer 13

To investigate wether the form of questions can markedly and systematically affect a witnesses answer to that question

Question 14

How many participants were in experiment 1?

Answer 14

45 students

Question 15

What type of experiment was experiment 1?

Answer 15

Lab

Question 16

In experiment 1, What was presented randomly to each group?

Answer 16

7 films of traffic accidents ranging from 5 - 30 seconds

Question 17

In experiment 1, what did the participants have to do after each film?

Answer 17

Give a general account of what they had just seen and answer specific questions about the accident

Question 18

In experiment 1, what was the critical question? And what did it act as?

Answer 18

“How fast were the cars going when they hit each other”

Acted As the IV

Question 19

In experiment 1, why did the critical question act as the IV?

Answer 19

As it was manipulated in 5 conditions

Question 20

In experiment 1, what did each group of 9 subjects hear?

Answer 20

A different verb in the sentence e.g. Hit, smashed, collided, contacted, or bumped

Question 21

In experiment 1, what was the DV?

Answer 21

The estimate speed

Question 22

In experiment 1 what was the mean speed estimate for the verb smashed?

Answer 22

40.8

Question 23

In experiment 1 what was the mean speed estimate for the verb collided?

Answer 23

39.3

Question 24

In experiment 1 what was the mean speed estimate for the verb bumped?

Answer 24

38.1

Question 25

In experiment 1 what was the mean speed estimate for the verb hit?

Answer 25

34.0

Question 26

In experiment 1 what was the mean speed estimate for the verb contacted?

Answer 26

31.8

Question 27

In experiment 1, the speed of how many out of the seven films were known?

Answer 27

4 out of 7

Question 28

In experiment 1, film 1 the speed of collision was 20mph, what was the estimate speed?

Answer 28

37.7

Question 29

In experiment 1, film 2 the actual speed of collision was 30mph, what was the mean speed estimate?

Answer 29

36.2

Question 30

In experiment 1 in film 3 the actual speed was 40 mph, what was the mean speed estimate?

Answer 30

39.7

Question 31

In experiment 1, film 4 the actual speed was 40mph what was the mean speed estimate?

Answer 31

36.1mph

Question 32

What did the results of experiment 1 indicate about people?

Answer 32

* they are poor judges of speed | * they are systematically and significantly affected by the wording of questions

Question 33

In experiment 1 what could the finding of people being affected by wording of questions be attributed to?

Answer 33

* response bias | * genuine change of memory

Question 34

What is response bias discussed in the conclusions of experiment 1?

Answer 34

Where the subject remembers accurately but is pressured by the word to increase or decrease their estimate

Question 35

In experiment 1, of the participant had a genuine change in memory what might it lead to?

Answer 35

Recalling details that didn't occur

Question 36

What was the second experiment designed to determine?

Answer 36

Which explanation of different speed estimates was correct

Question 37

How many participants were in experiment 2?

Answer 37

150 students

Question 38

What was the research method of experiment 2?

Answer 38

A lab experiment

Question 39

In experiment 2 a minute long film was presented to the group what did it feature?

Answer 39

Four seconds of a multiple traffic accident

Question 40

In experiment 2 what happened after the participants were shown the film?

Answer 40

They had to give a age metal account of what they had seen and answer more specific questions about the accident

Question 41

What was the IV in experiment 2?

Answer 41

The critical question

Question 42

How was the IV manipulated?

Answer 42

50 asked how fast were the cars going when they hit each other 50 asked how fast when they smashed into each other

Question 43

In experiment 2 what did the remaining 50 act as?

Answer 43

A control group as they were not asked at all

Question 44

In experiment 2, when was the DV measured?

Answer 44

1 week later when the participants returned to answer 10 questions

Question 45

What was the DV in experiment 2?

Answer 45

The critical question of the 10 - did you see broken glass?

Question 46

In experiment 2 was there any broken glass in the film? What was expected?

Answer 46

No | Expected some might falsely remember broken glass if the leading question had altered their memory

Question 47

In experiment 2 what was the mean estimate for smashed and hit?

Answer 47

Smashed - 10.46 mph | Hit - 8 mph

Question 48

In experiment 2 how many of the smashed group reported seeing broken glass? How many didn't?

Answer 48

Glass - 16 | No glass - 34

Question 49

In experiment 2 how many of the hit group reported seeing broken glass? How many didn't?

Answer 49

Glass - 7 | No glass - 43

Question 50

In experiment 2 how many of the control group reported seeing broken glass? How many didn't?

Answer 50

Glass - 6 | No glass - 44

Question 51

In experiment 2 what did the authors conclude the results show?

Answer 51

The verb smashed not only increases speed estimates but distorts memory