1.3.1 Conditioning Assumption (Be)

Question 1

What is conditioning?

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

What are the two types of conditioning?

Answer 2

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Question 3

In short, what is classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Learning through association

Question 4

In short what is operant conditioning?

Answer 4

Learning through reinforcement

Question 5

What does classical conditioning refer to?

Answer 5

The conditioning of reflexes

Question 6

What are reflexes? (CC)

Answer 6

Involuntary responses to stimuli

Question 7

In classical conditioning how are new behaviours acquired?

Answer 7

By learning to associate new stimuli with automatic reflexes

Question 8

When stimuli and reflexes are repeatedly paired what do we learn to do? (CC)

Answer 8

Associate them and a learned response is produced

Question 9

When will the learned response occur after classical conditioning?

Answer 9

Automatically when exposed to stimuli

Question 10

Who first explained classical conditioning? When?

Answer 10

Pavlov

1902

Question 11

In the 1890s what did Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov look at? (CC)

Answer 11

Salivation in dogs in response to being fed

Question 12

What did Pavlov initially notice? (CC)

Answer 12

His dogs began to salivate when he entered the room even when he wasn’t bringing food

Question 13

What was the unconditioned stimulus UCS? (CC)

Answer 13

Food

Question 14

What unconditioned response (UCR) occurred when the dog was presented with the UCS (food)?

Answer 14

Salivation - reflex

Question 15

What does this assumption say?

Answer 15

Behaviour is learned through conditioning

Question 16

What was the neutral stimulus? (NS)

Answer 16

The bell

Question 17

What occurred before classical conditioning when the bell rang? (CC)

Answer 17

No response - no salivation

Question 18

During conditioning what did Pavlov associate? (CC)

Answer 18

The bell (NS) and food (UCS)

Question 19

What response did the bell and food cause? (CC)

Answer 19

The unconditioned response of salivation

Question 20

After conditioning what occurred when the bell rang and the food was removed? (CC)

Answer 20

Conditioned response of salivation

Question 21

What did the neutral stimulus (bell) become after conditioning? (CC)

Answer 21

The conditioned stimulus

Question 22

What can classical conditioning be used to explain?

Answer 22

Anxiety disorders such as phobias

Question 23

How would phobias be explained in terms of classical conditioning?

Answer 23

If you have a bad experience with an object/situation you will learn to associate that object with fear

Question 24

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 24

Behaviour can be explained in terms of reinforcement

Question 25

What is reinforcement? (OC)

Answer 25

Rewards and punishment

Question 26

How was operant conditioning demonstrated?

Answer 26

Skinner with his skinners box

Question 27

What is an operant conditioning chamber?

Answer 27

A laboratory apparatus used to study animal behaviour

Question 28

What happened in experiment 1 of skinners box? (OC)

Answer 28

* Every time the animal pressed the lever a food pellet was released * So the amount of lever presses increased

Question 29

What was skinners experiment 1 an example of? (OC)

Answer 29

Positive reinforcement

Question 30

What is positive reinforcement? (OC)

Answer 30

We will repeat actions that produce reinforcers (rewards)

Question 31

Give examples of reinforcers: (OC)

Answer 31

Money Food Praise Attention

Question 32

Give an example of how positive reinforcers may be used for humans: (OC)

Answer 32

Money for exam results encouraging you to revise more

Question 33

What happened in experiment 2 of skinners box? (OC)

Answer 33

* An electric shock passed through the chamber * when the animal pressed the lever the shock stopped * number of lever presses increased

Question 34

What was experiment 2 of skinners box an example of? (OC)

Answer 34

Negative reinforcement

Question 35

What is negative reinforcement? (OC)

Answer 35

We will repeat actions that remove unpleasant things

Question 36

Give an example of negative reinforcement (drugs): (OC)

Answer 36

* drug addict * comes off drugs * experiences unpleasant withdrawal effects * goes back to drugs to stop effects

Question 37

Give an example of negative reinforcement (mothers): (OC)

Answer 37

• mother feeds hungry baby as it stops the unpleasant sound of the baby crying

Question 38

What happened in experiment 3 of skinners box? (OC)

Answer 38

* every time the animal pressed the lever an electric shock was produced * number of lever presses decreased

Question 39

What was experiment 3 of skinners box an example of? (OC)

Answer 39

Punishment

Question 40

What is punishment? (OC)

Answer 40

We will stop actions that cause unpleasant things

Question 41

What can punishment be? (OC)

Answer 41

Positive or negative

Question 42

What is positive punishment? Give an example: (OC)

Answer 42

* The start of something nasty | * e.g. Smacking a child for bad behaviour

Question 43

What is negative punishment? Give an example: (OC)

Answer 43

* the end of something nice | * e.g. Taking away phone, TV etc for bad behaviour

Question 44

What can both classical conditioning and operant conditioning be used to explain?

Answer 44

Relationship formation