3.2.2 Dopamine Hypothesis Evaluation (Sch)

Question 1

(Genes) many researchers believe dopamine imbalances are caused by what?

Answer 1

Genetic predisposition

Question 2

(Genes) there is a large body of evidence to support what?

Answer 2

Genetic basis for schizophrenia

Question 3

(Genes) Gottesman - as genetic similarity between individuals increased what else did?

Answer 3

Their probability of having schizophrenia

Question 4

(Genes) gottesman - how many times more likely are you to develop schizophrenia if your parent has it vs your cousin?

Answer 4

3x

Question 5

(Genes) gottesman - if you have an identical twin with schizophrenia what is your risk?

Answer 5

48%

Question 6

(Genes) gottesman - if your grandparent has schizophrenia what is your risk?

Answer 6

5%

Question 7

(Genes) gottesman - how many times more likely are you to get schizophrenia if your identical twin has it than if your half sibling does?

Answer 7

8x

Question 8

(Genes) gottesmans findings suggest there is what?

Answer 8

Genetic factor to schizophrenia and dopamine imbalance

Question 9

(Genes) what do families share as well as genes?

Answer 9

Environment

Question 10

(Genes) why is family sharing an environment an issue in investigating genetics?

Answer 10

Hard to separate effects of nature and nurture

Question 11

(Genes) how can the issue of environment be overcome?

Answer 11

Using adoption studies

Question 12

(Genes) Heston - who were hestons experimental group?

Answer 12

47 people adopted at birth because their mothers had schizophrenia

Question 13

(Genes) who did Heston compare them with? What was the purpose of this?

Answer 13

47 matched controls adopted with mentally healthy mothers
Baseline
Ruled out any effect adoption had on developing schizophrenia

Question 14

(Genes) Heston - the 94 adults were interviewed to see what?

Answer 14

If they developed schizophrenia themselves

Question 15

(Genes) Heston - of the 47 adults with a biological mother with schizophrenia how many developed it?

Answer 15

5 hospitalised

3 critically ill

Question 16

(Genes) Heston - how many of the controls developed schizophrenia?

Answer 16

None

Question 17

(Genes) Hestons research suggest genetics play a role in what?

Answer 17

Development of schizophrenia

Question 18

(Genes) Tienari - who were the experimental group?

Answer 18

155 adopted children in Finland with biological mothers with schizophrenia

Question 19

(Genes) Tienari who were they compared to?

Answer 19

Another 155 adopted children with non schizophrenic biological parents

Question 20

(Genes) Tienari found how many children with a biological mother with schizophrenia developed it?

Answer 20

10.3%

Question 21

(Genes) Tienari found how many children without a biological parent with schizophrenia developed it?

Answer 21

1.1%

Question 22

(Genes) what research has been disappointing?

Answer 22

Research looking into one or two genes

Question 23

(Genes) a group reported how many genetic loci associated with schizophrenia?

Answer 23

108

Question 24

(Genes)it is too simplistic to say what?

Answer 24

Schizophrenia is caused by a single gene

Question 25

(Measuring metabolites) what do we use metabolites to measure and why?

Answer 25

Neurotransmitter levels

They are the breakdown products of neurotransmitters

Question 26

(Measuring metabolites) what is dopamine metabolised into?

Answer 26

HVA

Question 27

(Measuring metabolites) where can HVA be measured?

Answer 27

Cerebral spinal fluid

By a lumbar puncture

Question 28

(Measuring metabolites) you would predict patients with positive symptoms would have what levels of HVA and why?

Answer 28

High

Due to high levels of dopamine

Question 29

(Measuring metabolites) in patients with negative symptoms you would expect what?

Answer 29

Low levels of HVA

Question 30

(Measuring metabolites) what is found in a lot of research?

Answer 30

High levels of HVA with positive and low with negative

Question 31

(Measuring metabolites) why is their lack of research?

Answer 31

Due to invasive and unpleasant nature of lumbar puncture

Question 32

(Measuring metabolites) what can a lumbar puncture be influenced by?

Answer 32

Diet and drugs can affect HVA levels

Individual differences in metabolism

Question 33

(Serotonin) what does atypical medication block?

Answer 33

Both dopamine and serotonin receptors

Question 34

(Serotonin) the blocking of serotonin receptors suggests what?

Answer 34

Serotonin plays a role in schizophrenia

Question 35

(Serotonin) we can not say dopamine is solely responsible for what?

Answer 35

Schizophrenia

Question 36

(Serotonin) it could be positive symptoms are caused by dopamine and negative?

Answer 36

serotonin explaining the crossover with depression

Question 37

(Cause or effect) the dopamine hypothesis proposed what?

Answer 37

Dopamine imbalance causes schizophrenia

Question 38

(Cause or effect) it could be schizophrenia does what?

Answer 38

Causes dopamine imbalances (they are a symptom)

Question 39

(Cause or effect) what is research using PET scans not able to detect?

Answer 39

Differences in dopamine activity in brains of those with and without schizophrenia

Question 40

(Cause or effect)it may take time before we know what?

Answer 40

Cause or effect