3.1.4 Peer influences (Add)

Question 1

give a statistic demonstrating the role of pressure in addiction:

Answer 1

to fit in 55% of teens tried drugs because they felt pressured by their friends

Question 2

give an example of the role of observation and imitation in addiction:

Answer 2

teens would give up using a cell phone while driving if their friends did

Question 3

in reality peer influences on addiction are more likely to involve what?

Answer 3

subtle pressures

Question 4

what is SLT?

Answer 4

social learning theory

Question 5

SLT by Bandura makes use of which behaviourist and cognitive ideas?

Answer 5

people learn from others - observation & modelling

cognitive - attention and memory

Question 6

(SLT) what are models?

Answer 6

individuals that are observed and imitated

Question 7

(SLT) give examples of models:

Answer 7

family, friends, celebrities, tv characters

Question 8

(SLT) children pay attention to and imitate models, what do they respond to?

Answer 8

the reinforcement and punishment they receive for behaving in that manner

Question 9

(SLT) what does vicarious reinforcement involve?

Answer 9

learning behaviour through observing rewards and punishments rather than directly experiencing them

Question 10

(SLT) give an example of vicarious reinforcement:

Answer 10

child may watch their sibling be rewarded for a behaviour making them more likely to copy that behaviour

Question 11

(SLT) if a friend is engaging in addictive behaviour what are we likely to do?

Answer 11

observe and imitate it

Question 12

(SLT) if we see a friend being rewarded e.g. attention for addictive behaviour, what are we likely to do?

Answer 12

imitate the behaviour to get the same rewards

Question 13

what are perceived social norms?

Answer 13

rules governing socially acceptable behaviour

Question 14

what are descriptive norms?

Answer 14

our perception of how much others are engaging in addictive behaviours

Question 15

are descriptive norms accurate?

Answer 15

not always - based on perceptions

Question 16

what are injunctive norms?

Answer 16

our perceptions of the levels of approval and disapproval people receive from engaging in addictive behaviour

Question 17

what do descriptive and injunctive norms have an influence upon?

Answer 17

whether we decide to engage in the same addictive behaviour

Question 18

what is a lot of research into perceived social norms focused on? why is this an issue?

Answer 18

college students and alcohol

not generalizable - one group, one addiction

Question 19

what did Borsari & Carey find regarding students and alcohol?

Answer 19

many students overestimate drinking behaviours (d. norms) and approval of drinking (I. norms)

Question 20

Bosari & Carey - overestimating these norms is likely to do what?

Answer 20

increase the likelihood of them engaging in the addictive behaviour - drinking

Question 21

What did neighbours et al find and when

Answer 21

Found that descriptive and injunctive norms were the best predictor of alcohol consumption among US college students.
Found this in 2007

Question 22

What did Lawrence find and when

Answer 22

Found that self efficacy and ability to resist social influence plays a role in the potential observation and imitation of addiction.
Found this in 1989