1.5.4 Who Is Happy? Flashcards
Who conducted the research and when?
Myers and deiner
1995
The research wants to understand how we can improve people’s lives by doing what?
Making them happier
Myers and deiner looked at the evidence for what?
What makes people happy
(M and P) What research method was used and what did this involve?
Literature review
Searched for articles relating to finding out who is happy
(M and P)The research they reviewed used methods such as what?
Self reports Observations Correlations Reviews Meta analysis
(M and P) In self report methods questionnaires and interviews were used to measure what?
Subjective sense of wellbeing
(M and P) What type of questions were used in self report?
Open and closed
(M and P) What needs to be done to happiness in self reports?
Operationalised
(M and P) What type of questionnaires was it easier to operationalise happiness in?
Closed
(M and P) Give an example of a closed question operationalising happiness?
How often did you smile today?
Every 10 minutes
Every half and hour
Every hour
(M and P) Research also used observations using what?
Pagers/beepers
(M and P) How did the pagers/beepers work?
Person would get a message asking how they were feeling and would record it
(M and P) Some research used correlations looking at how happiness did what?
Covaried with other factors like age or income
(M and P) other research used reviews or meta analysis combining what?
A number of pieces of research
(Findings - myths) age - inglehart found no time in life is what? How was this shown?
No more happy or unhappy
Survey of 16 countries all ages reported 80% life satisfaction
(Findings - myths) age - depression, suicide and divorce are not what?
Restricted to a certain age e.g. Mid life crisis during your 40s you can have a crisis at any age
(Findings - myths) age - empty nest syndrome is rare most couples are what after the kids have left?
Happy after the stress of raising them
(Findings - myths) age - with different ages different factors contribute to happiness, what becomes more important in later life?
Health
Social relationships
(Findings - myths) sex - ingleharts survey found what percent of men and women were satisfied with life?
80%
(Findings - myths) sex - in a meta analysis gender accounted for what percent of wellbeing?
1%
(Findings - myths) sex - men are 5x more vulnerable to what?
Alcoholism
(Findings - myths) sex - women are twice as vulnerable to what?
Depression and anxiety
(Findings - myths) money - people’s income in the US doubled between 1957-93 but what happened to happiness?
Fell by 3%
(Findings - myths) money - survey of US what percent of students said being well off financially was an essential life goal?
75%
(Findings - myths) money - the goal of being well off came where out of how many life objectives?
1st out of 19
Ahead of raising a family and helping other
(Findings - myths) money - deiner found a small correlation of what between income and happiness?
+0.12
(Findings - myths) money - Forbes list of wealthiest Americans how many are less happy than the average American?
37%
(Findings - myths) race - African Americans are less vulnerable to what?
Depression than European Americans
(Findings - myths) race - those in individualist cultures report greater what?
Subjective well being than collectivist
(Findings - myths) race - in Portugal how many people reported being very happy compared to Netherlands?
P - 10%
N - 40%
(Findings - happy people) traits - what are the traits of happy people?
Personal control
Optimistic
Extrovert
High self esteem
(Findings - happy people) traits - control those feeling empowered do what?
Better in school and cope with stress
(Findings - happy people) traits - when people loose control they suffer what?
Worse health e.g. Prisoners
(Findings - happy people) optimistic - those agreed when they do something new they expect to succeed were more what?
Successful
Healthier
Happier
(Findings - happy people) traits - extraverts are happier when?
Both alone and with others compared to introverts
(Findings - happy people) traits - high self esteem - those with high self esteem agreed with what?
I am a lot of fun
(Findings - happy people) traits - happy people like what?
Themselves
(Findings - happy people) relationships - people who can name several intimate friends are what?
Happier
Healthy
Less likely to die prematurely
(Findings - happy people) married people are happier than those not married, what percent of married and never married adults said they were very happy?
24% never married
39% married
(Findings - happy people) relationships - 33 holocaust recalled their experiences those most disclosing had what?
Most improved Heath 14 months later
(Findings - happy people) faith - religious people are slightly less vulnerable to what?
Depression
(Findings - happy people) faith - in North America and Europe religious people reported higher levels of what?
Happiness and life satisfaction
(Findings - happy people) faith - religious people were less likely to do what?
Abuse drugs and alcohol
Divorce
Be unhappily married
Commit suicide
(Findings - happy people) work - people who work are happier than who?
Unemployed
(Findings - happy people) work - can provide community, support and a sense of what?
Focus and purpose
(Findings - happy people) work- people most happy when engaged in and experiencing what?
Flow
(Findings - happy people) work - what is flow?
State when we are so caught up in activity the mind doesn’t wander
(Findings - happy people) why can work be unsatisfactory?
Too stressful
Boring
(Conclusions) we cannot predict happiness from what?
Persons age, sex or income
(Conclusions) we can link happiness and what?
Race/culture
(Conclusions) happy people often have what?
Close relationships
Enjoyable work
Faith
(Conclusions) what are the 3 aspects of a theory of happiness?
Importance of adaptation
Cultural world view
Values and goals
(Conclusions) adaptation - humans have an incredible capacity to adapt to what?
Life circumstances
(Conclusions) adaptation - a longitudinal study concluded it is only events over when that influence our SWB?
Last 3 months
(Conclusions) cultural world view - different cultures interpret different life events differently which may affect what?
Happiness
(Conclusions) cultural world view - in some cultures death is more about what?
Celebrating life than mourning
(Conclusions) cultures also view what differently?
The world
Scary/good
(Conclusions) values and goals - people with high SWB have what?
Long and short term goals
(Conclusions) values and goals - happiness grows more from involvement in what?
Valued activities and progression towered goals
(Conclusions) values and goals - other factors such as money and intelligence only influence happiness if what?
They relate to your goals
