2.6.2 Developmental Psychology & Kohlberg Flashcards

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1
Q

what does development refer to?

A

change in our skills and abilities overtime

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2
Q

what studies do psychologists use to look at development overtime?

A

longitudinal (time consuming but detailed)

cross-sectional (quick, individual differences)

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3
Q

what was Kohlberg’s aim?

A

to study how a child’s sense of right and wrong changes as they get older

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4
Q

why is Kohlberg’s research considered to be cognitive?

A

focuses on the way we think about situations in terms of right and wrong and how this changes

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5
Q

(methodology) what research method did Kohlberg use?

A

longitudinal cross cultural study (12 years)

in which he used interviews

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6
Q

(methodology) who were Kohlberg’s particpants?

A

Boys

age 10-16, 22-28

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7
Q

(methodology)where were Kohlberg’s participants from?

A

75 from America

some from Britain, Canada, Taiwan, Turkey and Mexico

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8
Q

(procedure) what did Kohlberg create?

A

9 hypothetical moral dilemma scenarios

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9
Q

(procedure) how many of the scenarios were presented to each participant?

A

3

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10
Q

(procedure) once the participant had read the dilemma what were they asked to do?

A

discuss the dilemma prompted by a set of open questions

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11
Q

(procedure) give an example of a moral dilemma:

A

expensive cancer drug and dying wife

boy saving money for camping his father asked for it for a fishing trip

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12
Q

(procedure) give some examples of the questions used in the father-son money saving dilemma:

A

should he give the money to his father?
what should be the most important thing in their relationship?
does the father have the authority to ask for the money?

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13
Q

(procedure) what moral aspects did the dilemmas involve?

A

ethics
punishment
liberty
truth

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14
Q

(procedure) what were the boys answers and reasonings used to do?

A

analyse and identify common themes

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15
Q

(procedure) analysing qualitative data for themes makes the research what?

A

a content analysis

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16
Q

(procedure) when did Kohlberg meet up with the boys?

A

every 3 years

17
Q

(findings) what were the 6 universal stages Kohlberg proposed?

A
punishment and obedience
personal usefulness
conforming to will of group
law and order
social contact
personal conscience
18
Q

(findings) in the punishment and obedience stage how do people behave? (1)

A

in a way that avoids punishment

19
Q

(findings) in the personal usefulness stage how is right and wrong determined? (2)

A

by what is rewarded

20
Q

(findings) in the conforming to the will of the group stage how do people behave? (3)

A

in a way that brings approval

21
Q

(findings) in the law and order stage behaviour is based on what? (4)

A

following social rules

22
Q

(findings) in the social contract stage people recognise what? (5)

A

laws can be changed and some values are more important than laws

23
Q

(findings) in the personal conscience stage moral judgement is based on what? (6)

A

universal human rights

24
Q

(cross cultural findings) American boys aged 10-13 tended to give what stage responses?

A

2-3

25
Q

(cross cultural findings) American boys aged 13-16 tended to give what stage responses?

A

4

26
Q

(cross cultural findings) American boys aged 16 gave what stage responses?

A

5, rarely 6

27
Q

(cross cultural findings) Taiwan and Mexico showed similar results except development was what?

A

slower

28
Q

(cross cultural findings) boys in rural areas e.g. isolated villages in Turkey showed what?

A

slower development through stages

29
Q

(cross cultural findings) across all cultures children from which class were seen as more morally advanced?

A

middle class

30
Q

(cross cultural findings) what was found amongst religion?

A

no important differences in moral development

31
Q

(conclusions) Kohlberg said moral development occurs in a series of what?

A

stages

32
Q

(conclusions) a person can only pass through a stage what?

A

one at a time

33
Q

(conclusions) as age increases so does what?

A

moral development

34
Q

(conclusions) not everyone will reach where?

A

stage 6

35
Q

(conclusions) each stage is more what than the one before?

A

mature

sophisticated

36
Q

(conclusions) moral development is what u?

A

universal

37
Q

(conclusions) what should be taught in schools?

A

moral development classes to reach a more moral way of thinking