Psychology: Chapter 7-Learning, Review system

Question 1

A ______ _________ is a false but subjectively compelling memory.

Answer 1

Memory illusion

Question 2

Our memories are far more (reproductive/reconstructive) than (reproductive/reconstructive).

Answer 2

i. Reconstructive

ii. Reproductive

Question 3

The three major systems of memory are measured by ________, or how much information each system can hold, and ___________, or how long a period of time the system can hold information.

Answer 3

i. Span (Range)

ii. Duration

Question 4

What is the three-memory model process proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin depicting memory flow

Answer 4

Sensory memory –> STM –> LTM*

*Information in LTM may be moved back to STM to be “worked on”

Question 5

___________ memory is the brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to _______ memory.

Answer 5

i. Sensory memory

ii. STM

Question 6

_______ ___________ is a subtype of sensory memory that applies to vision.

Answer 6

Iconic memory

Question 7

To extend the span of STM, we organize information into meaningful groupings using a process called ________.

Answer 7

Chunking

Question 8

The tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle is known as the _______ _________.

Answer 8

Primacy effect

Question 9

___________ memory is the process of recalling information intentionally, and ________ memory is the process of recalling information we don’t remember deliberately.

Answer 9

i. Explicit

ii. Implicit

Question 10

What are the subtypes of explicit memory?

Answer 10

Semantic, Episodic

Question 11

What are the subtypes of implicit memory?

Answer 11

Priming, conditioning, habituation, procedural

Question 12

The three major processes of memory are _______, _______ and _________.

Answer 12

i. encoding
ii. storage
iii. retrieval

Question 13

___________ is the process of organizing information in a format that our memories can use.

Answer 13

Encoding

Question 14

If we use the phrase “Every good boy does fine” to remember the names of the lines (E, G, B, D, F) in the treble clef, we’re using a _________.

Answer 14

Mnemonic

Question 15

Organized knowledge structures that we’ve stored in memory are called ________.

Answer 15

Schemas

Question 16

___________ is the reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores.

Answer 16

Retrieval

Question 17

__________ is reacquiring knowledge that we’d previously learned but largely forgotten.

Answer 17

Relearning

Question 18

The law of ______ ______ _______ _______ explains why cramming for a test is not the best way to remember things well in the long run.

Answer 18

distributed vs mass practice

Question 19

What is the memory concept that goes along with each pointer?

i. Spread your study time out rather than cramming.
ii. Connect new knowledge with existing knowledge rather than simply memorizing facts or names.
iii. Work to process ideas deeply and meaningfully, avoid writing notes down word for word. Write information in your own words.
iv. The more reminders or cues you can connect from your knowledge base to new material, the more likely you are to recall new material when tested.
v. Test yourself frequently on the material you’ve read.

Answer 19

i. Distributed vs. mass practice
ii. Elaborative rehearsal
iii. Levels of processing
iv. Mnemonic devices
v. testing effect

Question 20

_________ _________ is the phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it.

Answer 20

Encoding specificity

Question 21

In _________ __________, our retrieval of memories is superior when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context.

Answer 21

Context-dependent learning

Question 22

Lashley’s studies with rats demonstrated that memory (is/isn’t) located in one part of the brain.

Answer 22

Isn’t, there is no single engram

Question 23

Today, most scientists agree that LTP plays a role in ______.

Answer 23

Learning

Question 24

The _______ plays a key role in forming lasting memories.

Answer 24

Hippocampus

Question 25

A person with _______ amnesia has lost some memories of his or her past.

Answer 25

Retrograde

Question 26

The inability to encode new memories from our past experiences is called ________ amnesia.

Answer 26

Anterograde

Question 27

If one must draw a picture by only looking at a mirror, what type of memory is accessed for this task?

Answer 27

Implicit

Question 28

Damage to the hippocampus impairs _______ memory but leaves _________ memory intact.

Answer 28

i. explicit

ii. implicit

Question 29

Senility (is/isn’t) an unavoidable part of aging.

Answer 29

isn’t

Question 30

Alzheimer’s disease accounts for only 50-60% of cases of ______, or severe memory loss.

Answer 30

dementia

Question 31

Over time, children develop their enhanced _________ skills that provide knowledge about their memory abilities and limitations

Answer 31

meta-memory

Question 32

Rovee-Collier’s experiments used operant condition to study infant’s _________ ________.

Answer 32

implicit memory

Question 33

Rovee-Collier found that infant’s memories of the experiences were surprisingly (general/specific).

Answer 33

Specific.

Question 34

_________ ________ is the inability to remember personal experiences that took place before the age of 3 or so.

Answer 34

Infantile amnesia

Question 35

European North Americans report (earlier/later) first memories than do people from Taiwan.

Answer 35

earlier

Question 36

There (is/isn’t) evidence that we can remember information that took place prior to birth.

Answer 36

isn’t

Question 37

The __________, which is critical for the establishment of LTM, is only partially developed in infancy.

Answer 37

hippocampus

Question 38

Infants have little sense of _______, which makes it difficult to encode or store experiences in ways that are meaningful.

Answer 38

self

Question 39

Which important indicator of the presence of a self-concept do humans and chimps exhibit?

Answer 39

Mirror self-recognition.

Question 40

_________ _________ are memories that are extremely vivid and detailed, and are often highly emotional.

Answer 40

Flashbulb memories

Question 41

Whenever we try to figure out whether a memory reflects something that really happened, we’re engaging in _______ _________.

Answer 41

Source monitoring

Question 42

The failure to recognize that our ideas come from another source is called ___________.

Answer 42

Crymptomnesia

Question 43

Explain Elizabeth Loftu’s misinformation effect and its influence on our memory.

Answer 43

Providing people with misleading information about an event can lead to fictitious memories.

Question 44

Explain how we could have vivid memories of events we never experienced.

Answer 44

Using suggestive questions or statements, researcher’s are able to implant fictitious memories.

Question 45

Research has shown that it’s (impossible/possible) to implant memories of a made up event that never happened.

Answer 45

Possible

Question 46

The correlation between eyewitness’ confidence in their testimony and the accuracy of this testimony is (weak/strong).

Answer 46

weak

Question 47

Research suggests that some ________ may be unintentionally implanting memories of traumatic events by means of suggestive procedures.

Answer 47

psychotherapists

Question 48

Most of us recover quickly from _________, a temporary inability to access information.

Answer 48

blocking

Question 49

In a well known example of __________, violinist Philippe Quint once left his 4 million dollar violin in a cab.

Answer 49

absentmindedness