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Psychology > Chapter 14: Personality - Key words > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Personality - Key words Flashcards

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1
Q

People’s typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

A

personality

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2
Q

Relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations

A

Trait

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3
Q

Approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals

A

Nomothetic approach

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4
Q

Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person

A

idiographic approach

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5
Q

investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes assocaited with specific personality traits

A

Molecular genetic study

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6
Q

The assumption that all psychological events have a cause

A

psychic determinism

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7
Q

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression

A

Id

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8
Q

Tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

A

pleasure principle

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9
Q

Psyche’s executive and principle decision maker

A

ego

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10
Q

Tendency of the ego to postpone gratification untit it can find an appropriate outlet

A

reality principle

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11
Q

our sense of morality

A

Superego

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12
Q

unconscious manbeuvers inteded to minimize anxiety

A

defence mechanisms

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13
Q

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

A

repression

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14
Q

motivated forgetting of distressing external experienced

A

denial

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15
Q

the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer, age

A

regression

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16
Q

transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite

A

reaction-formation

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17
Q

unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others

A

projection

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18
Q

Directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable one

A

displacement

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19
Q

providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or failures

A

rationalization

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20
Q

transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal

A

sublimation

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21
Q

sexually arousing zone of the body

A

erogenous zone

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22
Q

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth

A

oral stage

23
Q

psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training

A

anal stage

24
Q

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

A

phallic stage

25
Q

Conflict during the phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

A

Oedipus complex

26
Q

Conflict during the phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

A

Electra complex

27
Q

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious

A

latency stage

28
Q

psychosexual stage in which seuxal impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others

A

genital stage

29
Q

theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimisitc regarding the prospects of long-term persoanlity growth

A

neo-Freudian theories

30
Q

according to Adler, each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority

A

style of life

31
Q

Feelings of low self-esteem taht can lead to overcompensation for such feelings

A

inferiority complex

32
Q

according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations

A

Collective unconscious

33
Q

cross-culturally universal symbols

A

Archetypes

34
Q

theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality

A

social learning theorists

35
Q

tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behaviour

A

reciprocal determism

36
Q

extent to which people believve that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control

A

locus of control

37
Q

drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

A

self-actualization

38
Q

according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour

A

conditions of worth

39
Q

Transcedent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

A

peak experience

40
Q

statistical technique that anlyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures

A

factor analysis

41
Q

five traits taht have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures

A

Big Five - (OCEAN) - Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

42
Q

Approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

A

lexical approach

43
Q

paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways

A

structured personality test

44
Q

widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI)

45
Q

Approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them

A

empirical method of test construction

46
Q

Extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring

A

face validity

47
Q

approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization

A

rational/theoretical method of test construction

48
Q

test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of

A

projection test

49
Q

hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of tehir personality onto the stimulus

A

projective hypothesis

50
Q

projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

51
Q

Projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

52
Q

Psychological interpretation of handwriting

A

graphology

53
Q

Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate

A

P. T. Barnum Effect

Psychology (51 decks)

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