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Psychology > Chapter 14 - Important Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Important Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

The tendency to attribute too much of other’s behaviour to their dispositions, including their persoanlities, and not enough to the situations they confront

A

Fundamental attribution error

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2
Q

______ acount, in part, for consistencies in our behaviour across both time and situations.

A

traits

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3
Q

Most modern personality research is of this type.

A

nomothetic approach

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4
Q

This approach allows for generalization across individuals, but has limited insight into the unique patterning of attributes within one person

A

nomothetic approach

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5
Q

Most case studies of personality are of this type.

A

Idiographic approach

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6
Q

Hypotheses generated from this approach are often _____ _____.

A

post hoc

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7
Q

What are the three broad influences on personality?

A

Genetic factors, shared environmental factors, non-shared environmental factors

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8
Q

Experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike

A

Shared environmental factors

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9
Q

Experienes that make individuals within the same family less alike

A

non-shared environmental influences

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10
Q

Favouritism in the household or uneven parenting results in what?

A

non-shared environmental influences

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11
Q

What most likely, of the three broad factors, plays the greatest role in personality? The smallest?

A

genetics

shared environmental factors

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12
Q

When do shared environmental factors play a role in personality?

A

Play some role in childhood personality, but this role generally dissipates as we grow older.

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13
Q

When do shared environmental factors play a role in personality?

A

Play some role in childhood personality, but this role generally dissipates as we grow older.

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14
Q

What evidence suggests a genetic influence on persoanlity?

A

Identical twins reared apart are more similar than fraternals reared apart.
Adopted children resembler their biological parents more than their adoptive parents.

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15
Q

Does birth order matter for personality?

A

Probably not

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16
Q

Molecular genetic studies rest on what two premises?

A

1 - Genes code for proteins that in turn influence NT functioning
2 - the function of many NTs is associated with certain personality traits

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17
Q

From Freud, we know believe that:
1 - _______ have meaning
2 - Experiences in ________ can influence ________ behaviour
3 - There is meaning behind a _____ of the ______
4 - Talking about your problems can _______ them

A

dreams
childhood, adult
slip, tongue
relieve

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18
Q

How did Freud change his stance from believing that mental disorders were physiologically caused?

A

Worked under Charcot who was treating patients with grande hysteria
- physiology could not explain the symptoms

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19
Q

What are the three core assumptions of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

A

1 - Psychic determinism
2 - Symbolism
3 - Unconscious motivation

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20
Q

The assumption that all psychological events have a cause.

A

Psychic determinism

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21
Q

No action is meaningless

A

Symbolism (although even strict Freudians agree that not all behaviours are symbolic)

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22
Q

We rarely understand why we do what we do, although we quite readily cook up explanations for our actions after the fact

A

unconscious motivation

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23
Q

Dreams, neurotic symptoms and Freudians slips are all related to what?

A

Psychic determinism

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24
Q

Freud hypothesized that the human psyche consists of three agencies or components. What are they?

A

Id, ego, superego

25
Q

The desires that provide much of the driving force for our behaviours.

A

Id

26
Q

Entirely unconscious - contains libido and aggressive drive

A

Id

27
Q

Contains the sense of right and wrong we’ve internalized from our interactions with society, particularly our parents

A

superego

28
Q

People with overdeveloped supergos are _____-prone while those who have lower superegos feel relatively _____-free and are at risk of developing a ___________ personality.

A

guilt
guilt
psychopathic

29
Q

Interacts with the real world and finds ways to resolve the competing demands of the other two psychic agencies

A

ego

30
Q

Psychological distress comes from what, according to Freud?

A

Conflicts between the three psychological agencies

31
Q

How do dreams fit into Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

A

Dreams are the manifestation of the Id’s desires hidden in symbolism by the ego and superego.

32
Q

According to psychoanalysts, not all dreams are ___________.

A

universal

33
Q

The principal function of the ego is to contend with _______ from the _______ world.

A

threats

outside

34
Q

In some cases, we cannot do much to correct threats from the outside world, so we must change our perception of it. In these cases, our ego engages in what?

A

defence mechanisms

35
Q

Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

A

defence mechanisms

36
Q

What is the cause of infantile amnesia, according to Freud.

A

Early childhood is too anxiety-provoking for us to remember it fully because we use repression to forget it.

37
Q

Denial is found mostly in what type of people?

A

Those with psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia

38
Q

Sucking your thumb or biting your nails is an example of what?

A

Regression

39
Q

A mid-life crisis would be an example of what?

A

regression

40
Q

According to Freud, homophobes that are actually more aroused by other men are undergoing what?

A

reaction-formation

41
Q

Using a punching bag instead of your coworker is an example of what?

A

Displacement

42
Q

Wanting to hurt other people and thus becoming a pro fighter or joining the army is an example of what?

A

sublimation

43
Q

According to Freud, _______ can occur because children were either deprived of sexual gratification or excessively gratified during that stage.

A

fixation

44
Q

The oral stage is from ______ to __/___ months.

A

birth to 12-18 months

45
Q

In the oral stage, infants obtain sexual gratification by _______ and _______.

A

sucking and drinking

46
Q

Orally fixated adults tend to react to stress how?

A

Become intensely dependent on others
impatient and demanding
prone to unhealthy oral activities - smoking, overeating, drinking excessively

47
Q

The anal stage goes from ____ months to ___ years.

A

18 months - 3 years

48
Q

Anally fixated adults tend towards what?

A

Excessive neatness, rules, stinginess
or
towards loafing and messiness and aggression

49
Q

What is the most important psychosexual stage in Freud’s theory?

A

Phallic stage

50
Q

How is the Oedipus complex resolved?

A

Befriend Daddy

51
Q

What is penis envy?

A

Girl desires to possess a penis like daddy

52
Q

When does the phallic stage take place?

A

3-6 years of age

53
Q

when does the genital stage start?

A

around age 12

54
Q

When does the latency stage take place?

A

6-12 years of age

55
Q

in the latency stage, most boys and girls fiind members of the _________ sex appaling

A

opposite

56
Q

If serious problems were not resolved, difficulties in forming what will occur?

A

establishing intimate love attachments

57
Q

What were the 5 major criticisms to psychoanalytic theory?

A

Unfalsifiability
Failed predictions
questionable conception of the unconscious
Reliance on unrepresentative samples
Flawed assumption of shared environmental influence

58
Q

What was an issue with his reliance on unrepresentative samples?

A

Low external validity

Methods of inquiry were idiographic but his theory was nomothetic

59
Q

What is the best insight of Freud that has stood the test of time?

A

We are often unaware of why we do what we do.

Psychology (51 decks)

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