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Psychology > psych chapter 3 last minute study guiderino > Flashcards

psych chapter 3 last minute study guiderino Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Nerve cell specialized for communication.

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2
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

portion of neuron that receives signals.

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3
Q

What is an axon?

A

Portion of neuron that sends signals.

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4
Q

What is a synaptic vesicle?

A

Spherical sac containing NTs.

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5
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron.

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6
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitter chemically.

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7
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

A gap into which NTs are releases from the axon terminal.

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8
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Cell in nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the blood-brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris, and enhances learning and memory

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9
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neuron’s signal.

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10
Q

What is resting potential?

A

electrical charge difference across the neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited.

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11
Q

What is threshold potential?

A

;membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential.

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12
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Electrical impulse that travels down the axon, triggering the release of neurotransmitters.

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13
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate.

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14
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

postsynatpic potentials that can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on whether positively or negatively charged particles flow across the neuronal membrane and in which direction they flow.

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15
Q

What is an EPSP?

A

graded potential in a dendrite that is caused by excitatory synaptic transmission.

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16
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

graded potential in a dendrite that is cased by inhibitory synaptic transmission.

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17
Q

What is a receptor site?

A

location that uniquely recognizes a NT.

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18
Q

What is reuptake?

A

means of recycling NTs.

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19
Q

What is plasticity?

A

ability of nervous system to change.

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20
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

a cell, often originating in embryos, having the capacity to differentiate into a more specialized cell.

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21
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

creation of new neurons in the adult brain.

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22
Q

What is the CNS?

A

part of the nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behaviour

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23
Q

What is the PNS?

A

nerves in the body that extend outside the CNS

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24
Q

What are cerebral ventricles?

A

pockets in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides the brain with nutrients and cushions against injury.

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25
Q

What is the forebrain (cerebellum)?

A

forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual activities.

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26
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres?

A

two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serves distinct yet highly integrated functions.

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27
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Large band of fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

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28
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

outermost part of the forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functions.

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29
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

Forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory and planning.

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30
Q

What is the motor complex?

A

part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement.

31
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning and language.

32
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production.

33
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perception.

34
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

lower part of the cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory.

35
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech.

36
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision.

37
Q

What is the primary sensory cortex?

A

regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions.

38
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Structures in the forebrain that help to control movement.

39
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Emotional centre of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory.

40
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex.

41
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state.

42
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

part of the limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement and arousal.

43
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory.

44
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the midbrain, pons and medulla.

45
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

part of the brain stem that contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound.

46
Q

What is RAS?

A

brain area that plays a key role in arousal.

47
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

region below the midbrain that contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.

48
Q

What is the cerebellum.

A

brain structure responsible for our sense of balance.

49
Q

What is the pons?

A

part of the brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum

50
Q

What is the medulla?

A

part of the brain stem involved in basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing.

51
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and body.

52
Q

What are interneurons?

A

neurons that sends messages to other neurons nearby.

53
Q

What is a reflex?

A

automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus.

54
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

part of the nervous system that conveys info between the CNS and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement.

55
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands; along with the limbic system, it participates in emotion regulation.

56
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

division of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight.

57
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

division of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion.

58
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers.

59
Q

What is a hormone?

A

chemical released into the bloodstream that influences particular organs and glands.

60
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

master gland that, under the control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body.

61
Q

What is the adrenal gland?

A

tissue located on top of the kidneys that releases adrenalin and cortisol during states of emotional arousal.

62
Q

What is an EEG?

A

electroencephalograph. recording of brain’s electrical activity at the surface of the skull.

63
Q

What is CT?

A

computed tomography. scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct 3D images

64
Q

What is MRI?

A

magnetic resonance imaging. technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure.

65
Q

What is PET?

A

positron emission tomography. imaging technique that measure consumption of glucose-like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different regions of the brain.

66
Q

What is fMRI?

A

functional MRI. technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using the BOLD response.

67
Q

What is TMS?

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation. technique that applies strong and quickly changes magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhance or disrupt brain function.

68
Q

What is MEG?

A

magnetoencephalography. technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain.

69
Q

What is lateralization?

A

cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other.

70
Q

What is split-brain surgery?

A

procedure that involves severing the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures.

71
Q

What is heritability?

A

percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes. (i.e. genes for height cause differences for height NOT the environment in which they are in (not actually true tho))

72
Q

What is a family study?

A

analysis of how characteristics run in intact families.

73
Q

What is a twin study?

A

analysis of how traits different in identical vs. fraternal twins.

74
Q

What is an adoption study?

A

analysis of how traits vary in individuals raised apart from the biological relatives.

Psychology (51 decks)

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