Chapter 14 - Important Concepts - Part 2

Question 1

Neo-Freudian theories share what with Freud’s original theory?

Answer 1

unconscious influences

Importance of early experience in shaping personality

Question 2

How do Neo-Freudian theories differ from Freud’s original theory?

Answer 2

Place less emphasis on sexuality and more emphasis on social drives (culture/need for approval)
Most Neo-Freudians are more optimistic concerning prospects for personality growth throughout the lifespan

Question 3

For Adler, the principle motive in human personality was what?

Answer 3

striving for superiority

Question 4

Inferiority complex is a popular term coined by who?

Answer 4

Adler

Question 5

What was an issue with Adler’s theory?

Answer 5

Hard to falsify

Question 6

Freud’s version of the unconscious for Jung was called what?

Answer 6

Personal unconscious

Question 7

This theory accounts for cultural similarities in myths and legends.

Answer 7

Jung’s theory - collective unconscious

Question 8

These explain the similarities across people in their emotional reactions to many features of the world, such as the mother, godess, mandala.

Answer 8

archetypes

Question 9

What was an issue with Jung’s theory?

Answer 9

Hard to falsify

Question 10

First major feminist personality theorist.

Answer 10

Karen Horney

Question 11

Instead of penis envy, Karen Horney believed that women’s sense of inferiority stemmed from what?

Answer 11

Their excessive dependency on men

Question 12

When does Horney believe the Oedipus complex occurs?

Answer 12

When the opposite sex parent is overly protactive and the same-sex parent is overly critical.

Question 13

Behavioural theories of personality were pioneered by who??

Answer 13

B. F. Skinner

Question 14

What was a major corroborance between behavioural theories of personality and psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 14

psychic determism

Question 15

What do behaviourists reject from Freud’s theory?

Answer 15

Reject the notion that early years are drivers of personality

Question 16

Behaviourists do not beliee that personality plays a role in ________ behaviour, but rather that personality ________ of behaviours

Answer 16

causing

consists

Question 17

For radical behaviourists, our personalities are bundles of _______ acquired by _______ and ________ conditioning.

Answer 17

habits
classical
operant

Question 18

Radical behavioursists view personality as under the control of what two major influences?

Answer 18

Genetic factors

Contingencies (reinforcers/punishers) in the environment

Question 19

Although Skinner and Freud would have agreed that we are unconscious of the reasons we do what we do, how did they differ on this point?

Answer 19

Freud - unconscious drivers inside us (id)

Skinner - unconscious drivers outside us (contingencies)

Question 20

These theorists emphasize thinking as a cause of personality

Answer 20

social learning theorists

Question 21

Social learning theorists emphasize ________ ________ - the tendency for people to mutually influence each otehr’s behaviour.

Answer 21

reciprocal determinism

Question 22

Social learning theorists propose that much of the learning that occurs is due to ____________ learning.

Answer 22

observational

Question 23

People with an ______ locus of control believe that life events are due largely to their own efforts and personal characteristics.

Answer 23

internal

Question 24

People with an _________ locus of control believe that life events are largely a product of chance and fate.

Answer 24

external

Question 25

A person with an internal locus of control is more likely to suffer emotional upset after life’s stressors. True or False?

Answer 25

False

Question 26

For social learning theorists, all forms of psychological distress are associated with an ________ locus of control.

Answer 26

external

Question 27

How does the claim of observational learning being a major driver of personality match up?

Answer 27

Would imply a major role from shared environments; which we know plays little to no role in shaping personality.

Question 28

What is the third fore of personality?

Answer 28

Humanistic perspective

Question 29

Purported to detect people’s personality traits by measuring the patterns of bumps on their heads.

Answer 29

phrenology

Question 30

claimed to detect people’s personality traits from their facial characteristics.

Answer 30

physiognomy

Question 31

Who came up with the somatypes?

Answer 31

William Sheldon

Question 32

Describe Sheldon’s mesomorphs.

Answer 32

Highly muscular - bold and assertive

Question 33

Describe Sheldon’s ectomorphs?

Answer 33

Introverted and intellectual - skinny and lean

Question 34

Refers to the consistency of measurments.

Answer 34

reliability

Question 35

Extent to which a test measure what it purports to.

Answer 35

validity

Question 36

The building of the MMPI, was done with which method of test construction?

Answer 36

empirical method of test construction

Question 37

Tendencies to distort responses to items.

Answer 37

response sets

Question 38

making ourselves look better than we really are

Answer 38

impression management

Question 39

making ourselves appear psychologically disturbed

Answer 39

malingering

Question 40

What is the use of validity scales?

Answer 40

detects various response sets

Question 41

What is the most widely administered personality test in the world?

Answer 41

Myers-Briggs type indicator

Question 42

Projective tests apparently circumvent respondent’s _______ ________ - provide valuable information concerning unconscious conflicts.

Answer 42

defence mechanisms

Question 43

Which projective test uses impressionistic basis for evaluation?

Answer 43

TAT - thematic apperception test (tell a tale)

Question 44

Inspecting the content of the examinee’s story and analyzing it using clinical intuition alone

Answer 44

impressionistic basis

Question 45

Psychological interpretation of handwriting.

Answer 45

Graphology

Question 46

What is a major common pitfall of personality assessment?

Answer 46

The P. T. Barnum effect

Question 47

What is a major reason why some practitioners believe projective tests are effective?

Answer 47

Illusory correlation