Chapter 14 - Important Concepts - Part 2 Flashcards
Neo-Freudian theories share what with Freud’s original theory?
unconscious influences
Importance of early experience in shaping personality
How do Neo-Freudian theories differ from Freud’s original theory?
Place less emphasis on sexuality and more emphasis on social drives (culture/need for approval)
Most Neo-Freudians are more optimistic concerning prospects for personality growth throughout the lifespan
For Adler, the principle motive in human personality was what?
striving for superiority
Inferiority complex is a popular term coined by who?
Adler
What was an issue with Adler’s theory?
Hard to falsify
Freud’s version of the unconscious for Jung was called what?
Personal unconscious
This theory accounts for cultural similarities in myths and legends.
Jung’s theory - collective unconscious
These explain the similarities across people in their emotional reactions to many features of the world, such as the mother, godess, mandala.
archetypes
What was an issue with Jung’s theory?
Hard to falsify
First major feminist personality theorist.
Karen Horney
Instead of penis envy, Karen Horney believed that women’s sense of inferiority stemmed from what?
Their excessive dependency on men
When does Horney believe the Oedipus complex occurs?
When the opposite sex parent is overly protactive and the same-sex parent is overly critical.
Behavioural theories of personality were pioneered by who??
B. F. Skinner
What was a major corroborance between behavioural theories of personality and psychoanalytic theory?
psychic determism
What do behaviourists reject from Freud’s theory?
Reject the notion that early years are drivers of personality
Behaviourists do not beliee that personality plays a role in ________ behaviour, but rather that personality ________ of behaviours
causing
consists
For radical behaviourists, our personalities are bundles of _______ acquired by _______ and ________ conditioning.
habits
classical
operant
Radical behavioursists view personality as under the control of what two major influences?
Genetic factors
Contingencies (reinforcers/punishers) in the environment
Although Skinner and Freud would have agreed that we are unconscious of the reasons we do what we do, how did they differ on this point?
Freud - unconscious drivers inside us (id)
Skinner - unconscious drivers outside us (contingencies)
These theorists emphasize thinking as a cause of personality
social learning theorists
Social learning theorists emphasize ________ ________ - the tendency for people to mutually influence each otehr’s behaviour.
reciprocal determinism
Social learning theorists propose that much of the learning that occurs is due to ____________ learning.
observational
People with an ______ locus of control believe that life events are due largely to their own efforts and personal characteristics.
internal
People with an _________ locus of control believe that life events are largely a product of chance and fate.
external
A person with an internal locus of control is more likely to suffer emotional upset after life’s stressors. True or False?
False
For social learning theorists, all forms of psychological distress are associated with an ________ locus of control.
external
How does the claim of observational learning being a major driver of personality match up?
Would imply a major role from shared environments; which we know plays little to no role in shaping personality.
What is the third fore of personality?
Humanistic perspective
Purported to detect people’s personality traits by measuring the patterns of bumps on their heads.
phrenology
claimed to detect people’s personality traits from their facial characteristics.
physiognomy
Who came up with the somatypes?
William Sheldon
Describe Sheldon’s mesomorphs.
Highly muscular - bold and assertive
Describe Sheldon’s ectomorphs?
Introverted and intellectual - skinny and lean
Refers to the consistency of measurments.
reliability
Extent to which a test measure what it purports to.
validity
The building of the MMPI, was done with which method of test construction?
empirical method of test construction
Tendencies to distort responses to items.
response sets
making ourselves look better than we really are
impression management
making ourselves appear psychologically disturbed
malingering
What is the use of validity scales?
detects various response sets
What is the most widely administered personality test in the world?
Myers-Briggs type indicator
Projective tests apparently circumvent respondent’s _______ ________ - provide valuable information concerning unconscious conflicts.
defence mechanisms
Which projective test uses impressionistic basis for evaluation?
TAT - thematic apperception test (tell a tale)
Inspecting the content of the examinee’s story and analyzing it using clinical intuition alone
impressionistic basis
Psychological interpretation of handwriting.
Graphology
What is a major common pitfall of personality assessment?
The P. T. Barnum effect
What is a major reason why some practitioners believe projective tests are effective?
Illusory correlation
