Psychology: Chapter 7-Learning, Important concepts Flashcards
What is the paradox of memory?
Our memory serves us well in some cases, can cause us problems in other cases.
What is hyperthemestic syndrome?
Incredibly sound memory
What is an observer memory?
Memory in which we see ourselves as an outsider would.
What is a field memory?
Seeing the memory through your eyes, i.e. in the first person
What are the three systems of memory?
SM, STM, LTM
What is the method of partial report?
Flashing many letters at once but telling participants to only focus on a single row, drastically increasing recall.
What is eidetic imagery?
Photographic memory which, may be to to unnaturally long lasting iconic memory.
What is working memory?
Our ability to hold onto information we’re currently thinking about or attending to.
What is the physiological evidence for decay?
Formation of new neurons in the hippocampus leads to decay of memories in that brain region.
Decay and interference play a role in ____ memory loss.
Short term
STM varies on two major planes, what are they?
span and duration
What are the three levels of processing of verbal information?
visual, phonological, semantic
Long term memory errors tend to be _______, based on the meaning of the information received.
semantic
STM errors tend to be ______, based on the sound of the information we’ve received.
acoustic
The primacy effect is most likely due to _________?
LTM
The recency effect is most likely attributable to _________?
STM
What are the three major processes of memory?
encoding, storage, retrieval
Many of our memory failures are errors of ______?
encoding
Attention plays a crucial role in _______?
encoding
What is the pegword method?
Rhyming mnemonic
What is the method of loci?
Location mnemonic
What is the keyword method?
ability to think of an english word that reminds you of a the word in a different language, mnemonic
To be useful, mnemonics must be ________ a lot.
Practiced
Schemas tend to __________ ___________, leading to the memory paradox.
Oversimplify reality
Many types of forgetting stem from failures in __________.
Retrieval
What is easier? Recall or recongnition?
Recongnition
What are the three methods of measuring memory?
Recall, recognition, relearning
What is the testing effect?
Testing oneself on information one’s learned is more effective than simply going over it repeatedly.
What is the engram?
Physical trace of each memory in the brain.
What NT is associated with LTP?
Glutamate
What receptors are associated with LTP?
AMPA and NMDA
LTP plays a key role in _________ and the hippocampus plays a key role in ________.
i. learning
ii. memory
H.M. suffered from what?
anterograde amnesia
H.M. had the hippocampi removed. He lost the ability to make __________ but not ________ memories.
i. explicit
ii. implicit
Damage to the amygdala leads to recall of _________ memory and not ________ memory fear stimulus.
i. episodic
ii. semantic
Damage to the hippocampus leads to recall of _________ memory and not ________ memory of fear stimulus.
i. semantic
ii. episodic
What is propanolol?
Blocks the effects of adrenaline on beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to lack of recall of emotional memories.
What is dementia?
severe memory loss
A treatment for Alzheimer’s includes a boost in the amount of ________?
Acetylcholine
People who are ______ are less prone to Alzheimer’s.
Active
What is event plausibility?
If an event is plausible, then it is more likely to be in accordance with the misinformation effect.
What is weapon focus?
When a crime involves a weapon, people tend to focus more on that than the perpetrators’ features.
What are the seven sins of memory. (Hint: use the mnemonic Smart Moms Believe That People Balance Apples)
S-suggestibility increases the misinformation effect
M-misattribution, suggestions are often effective since they lead us to misattribute memories to incorrect sources.
B-bias, schemas can bias memories
T-transience, memories fade with time
P-persistence, important events can linger in our memory
B-blocking, temporary inability to access information
A-absentmindedness, forgetting something due to innatention or focus elsewhere.
