Psychology: Chapter 7-Learning, Important concepts

Question 1

What is the paradox of memory?

Answer 1

Our memory serves us well in some cases, can cause us problems in other cases.

Question 2

What is hyperthemestic syndrome?

Answer 2

Incredibly sound memory

Question 3

What is an observer memory?

Answer 3

Memory in which we see ourselves as an outsider would.

Question 4

What is a field memory?

Answer 4

Seeing the memory through your eyes, i.e. in the first person

Question 5

What are the three systems of memory?

Answer 5

SM, STM, LTM

Question 6

What is the method of partial report?

Answer 6

Flashing many letters at once but telling participants to only focus on a single row, drastically increasing recall.

Question 7

What is eidetic imagery?

Answer 7

Photographic memory which, may be to to unnaturally long lasting iconic memory.

Question 8

What is working memory?

Answer 8

Our ability to hold onto information we’re currently thinking about or attending to.

Question 9

What is the physiological evidence for decay?

Answer 9

Formation of new neurons in the hippocampus leads to decay of memories in that brain region.

Question 10

Decay and interference play a role in ____ memory loss.

Answer 10

Short term

Question 11

STM varies on two major planes, what are they?

Answer 11

span and duration

Question 12

What are the three levels of processing of verbal information?

Answer 12

visual, phonological, semantic

Question 13

Long term memory errors tend to be _______, based on the meaning of the information received.

Answer 13

semantic

Question 14

STM errors tend to be ______, based on the sound of the information we’ve received.

Answer 14

acoustic

Question 15

The primacy effect is most likely due to _________?

Answer 15

LTM

Question 16

The recency effect is most likely attributable to _________?

Answer 16

STM

Question 17

What are the three major processes of memory?

Answer 17

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 18

Many of our memory failures are errors of ______?

Answer 18

encoding

Question 19

Attention plays a crucial role in _______?

Answer 19

encoding

Question 20

What is the pegword method?

Answer 20

Rhyming mnemonic

Question 21

What is the method of loci?

Answer 21

Location mnemonic

Question 22

What is the keyword method?

Answer 22

ability to think of an english word that reminds you of a the word in a different language, mnemonic

Question 23

To be useful, mnemonics must be ________ a lot.

Answer 23

Practiced

Question 24

Schemas tend to __________ ___________, leading to the memory paradox.

Answer 24

Oversimplify reality

Question 25

Many types of forgetting stem from failures in __________.

Answer 25

Retrieval

Question 26

What is easier? Recall or recongnition?

Answer 26

Recongnition

Question 27

What are the three methods of measuring memory?

Answer 27

Recall, recognition, relearning

Question 28

What is the testing effect?

Answer 28

Testing oneself on information one’s learned is more effective than simply going over it repeatedly.

Question 29

What is the engram?

Answer 29

Physical trace of each memory in the brain.

Question 30

What NT is associated with LTP?

Answer 30

Glutamate

Question 31

What receptors are associated with LTP?

Answer 31

AMPA and NMDA

Question 32

LTP plays a key role in _________ and the hippocampus plays a key role in ________.

Answer 32

i. learning

ii. memory

Question 33

H.M. suffered from what?

Answer 33

anterograde amnesia

Question 34

H.M. had the hippocampi removed. He lost the ability to make __________ but not ________ memories.

Answer 34

i. explicit

ii. implicit

Question 35

Damage to the amygdala leads to recall of _________ memory and not ________ memory fear stimulus.

Answer 35

i. episodic

ii. semantic

Question 36

Damage to the hippocampus leads to recall of _________ memory and not ________ memory of fear stimulus.

Answer 36

i. semantic

ii. episodic

Question 37

What is propanolol?

Answer 37

Blocks the effects of adrenaline on beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to lack of recall of emotional memories.

Question 38

What is dementia?

Answer 38

severe memory loss

Question 39

A treatment for Alzheimer’s includes a boost in the amount of ________?

Answer 39

Acetylcholine

Question 40

People who are ______ are less prone to Alzheimer’s.

Answer 40

Active

Question 41

What is event plausibility?

Answer 41

If an event is plausible, then it is more likely to be in accordance with the misinformation effect.

Question 42

What is weapon focus?

Answer 42

When a crime involves a weapon, people tend to focus more on that than the perpetrators’ features.

Question 43

What are the seven sins of memory. (Hint: use the mnemonic Smart Moms Believe That People Balance Apples)

Answer 43

S-suggestibility increases the misinformation effect
M-misattribution, suggestions are often effective since they lead us to misattribute memories to incorrect sources.
B-bias, schemas can bias memories
T-transience, memories fade with time
P-persistence, important events can linger in our memory
B-blocking, temporary inability to access information
A-absentmindedness, forgetting something due to innatention or focus elsewhere.