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Psychology > Chapter 10 - Important concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Important concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Group of people who lived during the same time period.

A

Cohorts

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2
Q

Phenomenon in which an animal such as a goose will follow around the first, large moving object they see

A

imprinting

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3
Q

The ability of a child to understand that someone other than them may know something they do not and, conversely, that they may know something others do not

A

Theory of mind

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4
Q

Human development is a two-way street.
Children’s experiences influence their development, but their development also influences their experiences.
What is this phenomenon?

A

Bidirectional influences

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5
Q

What is the major problem of cross-sectional designs?

A

Doesnt take into account cohort effects

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6
Q

Longitudinal designs are able to determine true ________ _______: changes over time within individuals as a consequence of growing older.

A

development effects

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7
Q

What are some reasons that longitudinal designs are not used?

A

Costly
Time-consuming
Not an experimental design (cannot infer cause and effect)

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8
Q

Behaviours such as breaking rules, defying authority figures, and commiting crimes.

A

Externalizing behaviours

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9
Q

Participants dropping out of the study before it is completed.

A

Attrition

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10
Q

What are two myths concerning development?

A

Infant determinism

Childhood fragility

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11
Q

Widespread assum;tion that extremely early experiences - especially in the first three years of life - are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults.

A

infant determinsim (myth)

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12
Q

Holds that children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged.

A

Chilhood fragility (myth)

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13
Q

Genetic endowment

A

Nature

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14
Q

The environments we encounter

A

nurture

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15
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

Provide the weeks of development.

A

Germinal stage (0-1 and half weeks), embryonic stage (wk 2-8), fetal stage (9th week onward)

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16
Q

Zygote begins to divide and form a blastocyst.

A

Germinal stage

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17
Q

Limbs, facial features, major organs begin to take shape.

A

Embryonic stage

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18
Q

Spontaneous miscarriages happen most often during this stage.

A

Embryonic stage

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19
Q

Major organs established, and physical maturation is the major change.

A

Fetal stage

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20
Q

Brain development occurs ___ days after fertilization and continues to develop into _______ and _____ _________.

A

18

adolescence/early adulthood

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21
Q

Occuring from day 18 to the end of month 6 where the development of neurons occurs at a high rate.

A

Proliferation

22
Q

What are obstacles to normal fetal development?

A

1) Teratogens
2) Genetic disorders and errors in cell duplication
3) Premature birth

23
Q

What is premature birth?

A

Birth prior to 36 weeks (gestation)

24
Q

Point at which infants can typically survive on their own.

A

25 weeks

25
Q

Automatic motor behaviours

A

reflexes

26
Q

Theories of cognitive development can be of two types (4 technically), these are?

A

Stage-like or continuous

Domain general or domain specific

27
Q

Sudden spurts of knowledge followed by periods of stability

A

stage-like

28
Q

gradual, incremental gain of knowledge

A

continuous

29
Q

Cross-cutting changes in children’s cognitive skills that affect most or all areas of cognitive function at once

A

domain-general

30
Q

Children’s cognitive skills develop independently and at different rates across different domains, such as reasoning, language, and counting

A

domain-specific

31
Q

According to Piaget, cognitive change is marked by _________: maintaining a balance between our experience of the world and our thoughts about it.

A

equilibration

32
Q

According to Piaget, chidlren use two processes to keep their thinking about the world in tune with their experiences.
What are they?

A

Assimilation and accomodation

33
Q

All four-legged furry creatures are cats.

A

Assimilation

34
Q

Process of assimilating and accomodating in tandem ensures a state of harmony between the world and mind of the child.

A

Equilibration

35
Q

The ability to think about things that are absent from the immediate surroundings, such as remembering previously encoutered objects.

A

mental representation/object permanence

36
Q 
Children in the pre-operational stage:
Time frame?
Stage hampered by?
What do they lack?
What is the major milestone?
A

2-7
Egocentrism
Lack ability to perform mental operations (cannot pass conservation tasks)
Conservation

37
Q

Children in the Concrete operations stage:
Time frame?
What do they lack?

A

7-11

Lack ability to perform mental operations in hypothetical situations

38
Q

Children in the sensorimotor stage:
Time frame?
What do they lack?
What is needed to leave this stage?

A

0-2
object permanence (early)
need to develop mental representation

39
Q

Individuals in the formal operations stage can understand what type of statements?

A

If-then and either-or

40
Q

What are issues with Piaget’s theory?

A

Theory was stage-like but most development is continuous

Horizontal decalage - difficult to falsify

41
Q

Case in which a child is more advanced in one cognitive domain than in the other

A

Horizontal decalage

42
Q

Piaget’s theory was domain-________ and ________.

A

domain general and stage-like

43
Q

As a result of Piaget’s legacy, psychologists have reconceptualized cognitive development by:
Viewing children as different in ______ rather than ______ from adults
Characterize learning as _____ rather than ______ processes
Exploring general cognitive processes may cut across multiple domains of knowledge

A

kind, degree

active, passive

44
Q

Piaget emphasized ________ interaction with the world as the primary source of learning; Vygotsky emphasized ________ interaction.

A

physical

social

45
Q

Modern theories resembling Piaget’s in that they emphasize general cognitive abilities and acquired rather than innate knowledge.

A

General cognitive accounts

46
Q

How do general cognitive accounts differ from Piaget’s original theory?

A

Regard learning as gradual, rather than stage-like

47
Q

Emphasize social context and the way in which caretakers or peers guide children’s understanding of the world.

A

sociocultural accounts

48
Q

Along with Vygotsky, these accounts ahre a focus on the child’s interaction with the social world as the primary source of development.

A

Sociocultural accounts

49
Q

Modular accounts are more similar to who?

A

Vygotsky

50
Q

Tests children’s ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong.

A

false-belief task

51
Q

the false-belief task relates most to what?

A

Theory of mind

Psychology (51 decks)

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