Chapter 10 - Important concepts Flashcards
Group of people who lived during the same time period.
Cohorts
Phenomenon in which an animal such as a goose will follow around the first, large moving object they see
imprinting
The ability of a child to understand that someone other than them may know something they do not and, conversely, that they may know something others do not
Theory of mind
Human development is a two-way street.
Children’s experiences influence their development, but their development also influences their experiences.
What is this phenomenon?
Bidirectional influences
What is the major problem of cross-sectional designs?
Doesnt take into account cohort effects
Longitudinal designs are able to determine true ________ _______: changes over time within individuals as a consequence of growing older.
development effects
What are some reasons that longitudinal designs are not used?
Costly
Time-consuming
Not an experimental design (cannot infer cause and effect)
Behaviours such as breaking rules, defying authority figures, and commiting crimes.
Externalizing behaviours
Participants dropping out of the study before it is completed.
Attrition
What are two myths concerning development?
Infant determinism
Childhood fragility
Widespread assum;tion that extremely early experiences - especially in the first three years of life - are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults.
infant determinsim (myth)
Holds that children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged.
Chilhood fragility (myth)
Genetic endowment
Nature
The environments we encounter
nurture
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
Provide the weeks of development.
Germinal stage (0-1 and half weeks), embryonic stage (wk 2-8), fetal stage (9th week onward)
Zygote begins to divide and form a blastocyst.
Germinal stage
Limbs, facial features, major organs begin to take shape.
Embryonic stage
Spontaneous miscarriages happen most often during this stage.
Embryonic stage
Major organs established, and physical maturation is the major change.
Fetal stage
Brain development occurs ___ days after fertilization and continues to develop into _______ and _____ _________.
18
adolescence/early adulthood
Occuring from day 18 to the end of month 6 where the development of neurons occurs at a high rate.
Proliferation
What are obstacles to normal fetal development?
1) Teratogens
2) Genetic disorders and errors in cell duplication
3) Premature birth
What is premature birth?
Birth prior to 36 weeks (gestation)
Point at which infants can typically survive on their own.
25 weeks
Automatic motor behaviours
reflexes
Theories of cognitive development can be of two types (4 technically), these are?
Stage-like or continuous
Domain general or domain specific
Sudden spurts of knowledge followed by periods of stability
stage-like
gradual, incremental gain of knowledge
continuous
Cross-cutting changes in children’s cognitive skills that affect most or all areas of cognitive function at once
domain-general
Children’s cognitive skills develop independently and at different rates across different domains, such as reasoning, language, and counting
domain-specific
According to Piaget, cognitive change is marked by _________: maintaining a balance between our experience of the world and our thoughts about it.
equilibration
According to Piaget, chidlren use two processes to keep their thinking about the world in tune with their experiences.
What are they?
Assimilation and accomodation
All four-legged furry creatures are cats.
Assimilation
Process of assimilating and accomodating in tandem ensures a state of harmony between the world and mind of the child.
Equilibration
The ability to think about things that are absent from the immediate surroundings, such as remembering previously encoutered objects.
mental representation/object permanence
Children in the pre-operational stage: Time frame? Stage hampered by? What do they lack? What is the major milestone?
2-7
Egocentrism
Lack ability to perform mental operations (cannot pass conservation tasks)
Conservation
Children in the Concrete operations stage:
Time frame?
What do they lack?
7-11
Lack ability to perform mental operations in hypothetical situations
Children in the sensorimotor stage:
Time frame?
What do they lack?
What is needed to leave this stage?
0-2
object permanence (early)
need to develop mental representation
Individuals in the formal operations stage can understand what type of statements?
If-then and either-or
What are issues with Piaget’s theory?
Theory was stage-like but most development is continuous
Horizontal decalage - difficult to falsify
Case in which a child is more advanced in one cognitive domain than in the other
Horizontal decalage
Piaget’s theory was domain-________ and ________.
domain general and stage-like
As a result of Piaget’s legacy, psychologists have reconceptualized cognitive development by:
Viewing children as different in ______ rather than ______ from adults
Characterize learning as _____ rather than ______ processes
Exploring general cognitive processes may cut across multiple domains of knowledge
kind, degree
active, passive
Piaget emphasized ________ interaction with the world as the primary source of learning; Vygotsky emphasized ________ interaction.
physical
social
Modern theories resembling Piaget’s in that they emphasize general cognitive abilities and acquired rather than innate knowledge.
General cognitive accounts
How do general cognitive accounts differ from Piaget’s original theory?
Regard learning as gradual, rather than stage-like
Emphasize social context and the way in which caretakers or peers guide children’s understanding of the world.
sociocultural accounts
Along with Vygotsky, these accounts ahre a focus on the child’s interaction with the social world as the primary source of development.
Sociocultural accounts
Modular accounts are more similar to who?
Vygotsky
Tests children’s ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong.
false-belief task
the false-belief task relates most to what?
Theory of mind
