Chapter 13 - Important concepts - Part 2

Question 1

A prevalent misconception is that _______ are good predictors of behaviour.

Answer 1

attitudes

Question 2

Attitudes that are highly ________ - i.e. easily come to mind - tend to be strongly predictive of our behaviour

Answer 2

accessible

Question 3

Attitudes tend to predict behaviour when they are what?

Answer 3

firmly held and stable over time

Question 4

Attitudes predict behaviour well for people which exhibit this trait.

Answer 4

Low self-monitors

Question 5

___ self monitoring means attitudes predict behaviour, _____ self monitoring does not.

Answer 5

low, high

Question 6

This heuristic makes us more likely to believe something we have heard many times.

Answer 6

recognition heuristic

Question 7

Advertisement jingles make use what heuristic?

Answer 7

Recognition heuristic

Question 8

adolescents with high levels of __________ are especially likely to become deeply religious adults.

Answer 8

conscientiousness

Question 9

The following example depicts what?

You believe Sandy is a nice person but you learn from a friend that she stole a fellow classmates wallet.

Answer 9

Cognitive dissonance

Question 10

Some scholars contend that it’s not dissonance itself that is responsible for attitude changes, but rather threats to our _____-_______.

Answer 10

self-concepts

Question 11

What are other theories that offer an explanation for cognitive dissonance effects?

Answer 11

Self-perception theory

Impression management theory

Question 12

Proposes that we acquire out attitudes by observing our behaviours

Answer 12

self-perception theory

Question 13

Theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes.

Answer 13

impression management theory

Question 14

According to the _____ ______ models of _______, there are two are two alternative pathways to persuading others.

Answer 14

dual process model of persuasion

Question 15

What are the two alternative routes to persuasion according to the duel process model?

Answer 15

Central route

Peripheral route

Question 16

The _______ route leads us to evaluate the merits of persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully.

Answer 16

central

Question 17

When using the central route, what part of arguments do we focus on?
When are we most likely to use this route?
The attitudes acquired from this route tend to be what?

Answer 17

Focus on informational content of the arguments

We use this route when we are motivated to evaluate the evidence and have time to do so

Attitudes acquired from this route are firm and strongly held

Question 18

The ________ route leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgements.

Answer 18

peripheral

Question 19

When using the peripheral route, what part of the argument do we focus on?
When are we likely to use this route?
Attitudes acquired from this route are of what kind?

Answer 19

focus on surface aspects of argument
use this route when not motivated to weigh information carefully or do not have the time to do so
Weak and short-lived attitudes

Question 20

Advertisements tend to try to use which route of persuasion?

Answer 20

Peripheral

Question 21

We are more likely to accept a persuasive message if ______ or ________ people deliver it.
We are more likely to accept messages when the sources possess high ________.
Messages are especailly persuasive if the messenger seems _____ us.

Answer 21

attractive, famous
credibility
like us

Question 22

What is the implicit egotism effect?

Answer 22

We are more positively disposed toward people, places, or things that resemble us.

Question 23

What is the name-letter effect?

Answer 23

We tend to be more fond of people who share the same first letter of our name.

Question 24

Many persuasion tactics rely on ________ and take the ________ route to persuasion.

Answer 24

heuristics

peripheral

Question 25

We strive to save mental energy by simplifying reality. We are what?

Answer 25

Cognitive misers

Question 26

stereotypes fuel what bias?

Answer 26

Confirmation

Question 27

Some stereotypes are massive overgeneralizations and reflect the presence of _________ _________.

Answer 27

illusory correlation

Question 28

The tendency towards prejudice was adaptive is called what?

Answer 28

Adaptive conservatism

Question 29

What are the two major biases that are associated with our tendencies to forge alliances with people like ourselves?

Answer 29

In-group bias

Out-group homogeneity

Question 30

fMRI scans provide support for in-group bias. How?

Answer 30

More activation in prefrontal cortex for those similar; less activation for those dissimilar

Question 31

Prejudice consists of negative ________ towards others, discrimination consists of negative _______ toward others.

Answer 31

attitudes

behaviours

Question 32

How can discrimination be created?

What is this called?

Answer 32

Create two groups that differ on any characteristic, no matter how trivial - minimal group paradigm

Question 33

People with _______ personality traits tend to have higher levels of prejudice.

Answer 33

authoritarian

Question 34

People with high levels of _______ ________ (view religion as a means to an end) tend to have high levels of prejudice

Answer 34

extrinsic religiosity

Question 35

What is a way to measure implicit prejudices?

Answer 35

Implicit association test (IAT)

• black + positive/negative word
• white + positive/negative word

Question 36

What are some issues with the IAT?

Answer 36

may just measure awareness to stereotypes

Doesnt really match up with extrinsic prejudice

Question 37

What are ways to reduce prejudice?

Answer 37

1 - Group cooperation toward a common goal
2 - Enjoyable contact between groups
3 - Equal status
4 - Group members should disconfirm previously held stereotypes of the other group
5 - Group members should have the potential to become friends