Chapter 10 - Important Concepts - Part 2

Question 1

What are the three major temperamental styles?

Answer 1

Easy infants, difficult infants, slow-to-warm-up infants.

Question 2

These infants are adaptable and relaxed, make up most infants.

Answer 2

Easy infant

Question 3

These infants are fussy and easily frustrated.

Answer 3

Difficult infants

Question 4

These infants are disturbed by new stimuli at first, but generally adjust to them.

Answer 4

Slow-to-warm-up infants

Question 5

Temperamental style proposed by Jerome Kagan, where children are “scaredy cats” and become frightened at the sign of novel or unexpected stimuli.

Answer 5

Behavioural inhibition

Question 6

Those with ________ _________ are at heightened risk for shyness and anxiety disorder in childhood or adolescence.

Answer 6

behavioural inhibition

Question 7

______ institutionalization is associated with later emotional problems.

Answer 7

early

Question 8

The rhesus monkey experiment displayed what phenomenon?

Answer 8

Contact comfort

Question 9

What are the different attachment styles?

Answer 9

Secure attachment
Insecure-avoidant attachment
Insecure-anxious attachment
Disorganized attachment

Question 10

Infant reacts to mother’s departure by becoming upset, but greets her return with joy.

Answer 10

secure attachment

Question 11

For secure attachment, the child uses his mother as a _____ _____: a rock-solid source of support to which to turn in times of trouble.

Answer 11

secure base

Question 12

Infant reacts to mom’s departure with indifference and shows little reaction on her return.

Answer 12

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Question 13

The infant reacts to mom’s departure with panic. He then shows a mixed emotional reaction on her return.

Answer 13

insecure-anxious attachment

Question 14

React to mom’s departure and return with inconsistent and a confused set of responses

Answer 14

disorganized attachment

Question 15

What were shortcomings of the strange situation?

Answer 15

Mono-operation bias

Not very reliable

Question 16

What are the major parenting styles?

Answer 16

Permissive, authoritarian, authoratative, uninvolved

Question 17

Parents of this type tend to be lenient with their children, allowing them considerable freedom inside and outside the household.

Answer 17

Permissive

Question 18

Parents strict with children; give little time for free play or exploration.

Answer 18

authoritarian

Question 19

Combine the best features of both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles.

Answer 19

authoritative

Question 20

Neglectful parents who ignore children.

Answer 20

Uninvolved

Question 21

When would authoritarian parenting styles be best?

Answer 21

Collectivist countries

Question 22

Children of this parenting style exhibit the best social and emotional adjustments and the lowest levels of behavioural problems.

Answer 22

authoritative

Question 23

According to this theory, most environmental transmission is horizontal (child to child), rather than vertical (parent to child)

Answer 23

Group socialization theory of development

Question 24

When parents experience only mild conflict before the divorce, the seeming effects of divorce are actually _____ severe than when parents experience intense conflict before the divorce.

Answer 24

more

Question 25

Children’s ability to wait for the bigger reward in the delay-of-gratification task forecasts superior ______ ability with frustration as adolescents.

Answer 25

coping

Question 26

Developing general security, optimism and trust in others.

Answer 26

Infancy

Question 27

Developing a sense of independence and confident self-reliance, taking setbacks in stride.

Answer 27

Toddlerhood

Question 28

Developing initiative in exploring and manipulating the environment.

Answer 28

early childhood

Question 29

Enjoyment and mastery of the developmental tasks of childhood, in and out of school

Answer 29

Middle Childhood

Question 30

Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense or role and direction.

Answer 30

Adolescence

Question 31

Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.

Answer 31

Young adulthood

Question 32

Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.

Answer 32

Adulthood

Question 33

Recognizing and adjjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.

Answer 33

Aging

Question 34

Period during which emergency adults struggle to figure out their identities and life goals, “trying on different hats” in an effort to see which one fits best

Answer 34

role experimentation

Question 35

Situations in which there are no clear right or wrong answers.

Answer 35

moral dilemmas

Question 36

Children in the concrete operations stage will evaluate a person by how much harm they have done.

Answer 36

Objective responsibility

Question 37

When reaching the formal operations stage, children tend to evaluate people in terms of their intentions to produce harm.

Answer 37

Subjective responsibility

Question 38

What are Kohlberg’s three stages of morality?

Answer 38

Pre-conventional morality
Conventional morality
Post-conventional morality

Question 39

Focus on punishment and reward

Answer 39

preconventional morality

Question 40

Focus on societal values

Answer 40

Conventional morality

Question 41

Focus on internal moral principles that transcend society

Answer 41

postconvenrional morality

Question 42

What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s work?

Answer 42

Cultural bias
Sex bias
Low correlation with moral behaviour
Confound with verbal intelligence
Causal direction

Question 43

What are four indices other than chronological age, for age.

Answer 43

Biological age
Psychological age
Functional age
Social age

Question 44

Estimate of a person’s age in terms of biological functioning (how well the organs work)

Answer 44

biological age

Question 45

Person’s mental attitudes and agility, and the capacity to deal with the stresses of an ever-changing environment

Answer 45

psychological age

Question 46

Person’s ability to function in given roles in society

Answer 46

Functional age

Question 47

Whether people behave in accord with the social behaviours appropriate for their age

Answer 47

social age