Chapter 10 - Important Concepts - Part 2 Flashcards
What are the three major temperamental styles?
Easy infants, difficult infants, slow-to-warm-up infants.
These infants are adaptable and relaxed, make up most infants.
Easy infant
These infants are fussy and easily frustrated.
Difficult infants
These infants are disturbed by new stimuli at first, but generally adjust to them.
Slow-to-warm-up infants
Temperamental style proposed by Jerome Kagan, where children are “scaredy cats” and become frightened at the sign of novel or unexpected stimuli.
Behavioural inhibition
Those with ________ _________ are at heightened risk for shyness and anxiety disorder in childhood or adolescence.
behavioural inhibition
______ institutionalization is associated with later emotional problems.
early
The rhesus monkey experiment displayed what phenomenon?
Contact comfort
What are the different attachment styles?
Secure attachment
Insecure-avoidant attachment
Insecure-anxious attachment
Disorganized attachment
Infant reacts to mother’s departure by becoming upset, but greets her return with joy.
secure attachment
For secure attachment, the child uses his mother as a _____ _____: a rock-solid source of support to which to turn in times of trouble.
secure base
Infant reacts to mom’s departure with indifference and shows little reaction on her return.
Insecure-avoidant attachment
The infant reacts to mom’s departure with panic. He then shows a mixed emotional reaction on her return.
insecure-anxious attachment
React to mom’s departure and return with inconsistent and a confused set of responses
disorganized attachment
What were shortcomings of the strange situation?
Mono-operation bias
Not very reliable
What are the major parenting styles?
Permissive, authoritarian, authoratative, uninvolved
Parents of this type tend to be lenient with their children, allowing them considerable freedom inside and outside the household.
Permissive
Parents strict with children; give little time for free play or exploration.
authoritarian
Combine the best features of both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles.
authoritative
Neglectful parents who ignore children.
Uninvolved
When would authoritarian parenting styles be best?
Collectivist countries
Children of this parenting style exhibit the best social and emotional adjustments and the lowest levels of behavioural problems.
authoritative
According to this theory, most environmental transmission is horizontal (child to child), rather than vertical (parent to child)
Group socialization theory of development
When parents experience only mild conflict before the divorce, the seeming effects of divorce are actually _____ severe than when parents experience intense conflict before the divorce.
more
Children’s ability to wait for the bigger reward in the delay-of-gratification task forecasts superior ______ ability with frustration as adolescents.
coping
Developing general security, optimism and trust in others.
Infancy
Developing a sense of independence and confident self-reliance, taking setbacks in stride.
Toddlerhood
Developing initiative in exploring and manipulating the environment.
early childhood
Enjoyment and mastery of the developmental tasks of childhood, in and out of school
Middle Childhood
Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense or role and direction.
Adolescence
Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.
Young adulthood
Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.
Adulthood
Recognizing and adjjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.
Aging
Period during which emergency adults struggle to figure out their identities and life goals, “trying on different hats” in an effort to see which one fits best
role experimentation
Situations in which there are no clear right or wrong answers.
moral dilemmas
Children in the concrete operations stage will evaluate a person by how much harm they have done.
Objective responsibility
When reaching the formal operations stage, children tend to evaluate people in terms of their intentions to produce harm.
Subjective responsibility
What are Kohlberg’s three stages of morality?
Pre-conventional morality
Conventional morality
Post-conventional morality
Focus on punishment and reward
preconventional morality
Focus on societal values
Conventional morality
Focus on internal moral principles that transcend society
postconvenrional morality
What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s work?
Cultural bias Sex bias Low correlation with moral behaviour Confound with verbal intelligence Causal direction
What are four indices other than chronological age, for age.
Biological age
Psychological age
Functional age
Social age
Estimate of a person’s age in terms of biological functioning (how well the organs work)
biological age
Person’s mental attitudes and agility, and the capacity to deal with the stresses of an ever-changing environment
psychological age
Person’s ability to function in given roles in society
Functional age
Whether people behave in accord with the social behaviours appropriate for their age
social age
