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Reproduction and Sexuality > PreTest Review > Flashcards

PreTest Review Flashcards

1
Q

The sex cords which contain epithelia, connective tissue, and smooth muscle come from what layer?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What give rise to the epithelia of distal organs of the reproductive system and external genitalia?

A

Endoderm of the urogenital sinus

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3
Q

Germ cells migrate from where and are located where by week 6?

A

Yolk sac endoderm into the indifferent sex cords of the Urogenital ridge

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4
Q

In males, the Urogenital sinus endoderm gives rise to epithelia of what?

A

Urethra, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

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5
Q

In female, the endoderm of the urogenital sinus gives rise to what?

A

Epithelium of the lower vagina

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6
Q

The paramesonephric ducts give rise to what in female?

A

Upper portion of the vagina

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7
Q

The fetal portion of the placent forms from the?

A

Trophoblast

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8
Q

What are syncytiotrophoblast cells?

A

Cells in direct contact with maternal tissue

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9
Q

The embryo is separated from the cytotrophoblast via what?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm

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10
Q

What is a primary villus?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast with cytotrophoblast core

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11
Q

What is a secondary villus?

A

Cytotrophoblast core invaded by extraembryonic mesoderm

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12
Q

What is a tertiary villus?

A

Fetal blood vessels invade the mesoderm

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13
Q

The wall of the allantonis forms into what?

A

The umbilical blood vessels

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14
Q

What is the lineage of Spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia - primary spermatocytes - secondary spematocytes - (completion of meiosis) - spermatids -(spermiogenesis) - mature sperm

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15
Q

What are some of the functions of the Sertoli cells?

A

Maintenance of the blood-testis barrier Phagocytosis Secretion of ABP Inhibin Mullerian inhibiting hormone

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16
Q

The seminal vesicles do what?

A

Produce fructose and other molecules that activate spermatozoa

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17
Q

What does the prostate do?

A

It is a fibromuscular junction that produces the enzymes responsible for the liquefaction of the ejactulate

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18
Q

The proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is under the control of what?

A

FSH

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19
Q

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is under the control of what?

A

LH

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20
Q

What is the OB conjugate vs diagonal?

A

OB - inside of pubic symphysis Diagonal - inferior aspect of pubic symphysis

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21
Q

What is the parasympathetic stimulation of the male erection?

A

Cavernous nerves and prostatic plexus (from pelvic splanchnic)

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22
Q

What do Sertoli cells secrete?

A

AMH, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, inhibin, ABP

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23
Q

What treats Stress incontinence?

A

alpha-adrenergic agonist to increase SM contraction

AGONIST

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24
Q

What is the treatment of overactive bladder?

A

Anti-Muscarinic B3 to decrease parasympathetic Anti-cholinergic

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25
Q

When is the gonadal sex determined? Phenotypic?

A

Gonad - 6th Pheno - 7th

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26
Q

Where are the 3 locations a kidney stone can lodge?

A

UPJ, UVJ, and pelvic brim

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27
Q

What are antagonist of GnRH in males?

A

GABA, dopamine, IL-1, prolactin, and Beta endorphin

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28
Q

What are the KNDy?

A

Kisspeptin and Neurokinin - Positive GnRH Dynorphin - Neg

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29
Q

What are the characterisitics of Malakoplakia?

A

Michaelis-Gutman bodies, decreased phagocyte function, and Chronic bacterial infection?

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30
Q

Chondyloma lata?

A

Syphilis

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31
Q

Chondyloma acuminatum?

A

HPV

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32
Q

Gleason Grading?

A

Prostatic adenocarcinoma

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33
Q

Kellogg spladt model of female arousal?

A

Desire isnt a factor until right before the O

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34
Q

Wexner score is for what?

A

Fecal incontinence

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35
Q

Psamomma bodies are what type of surface epithelial?

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

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36
Q

Characteristics of Thecoma?

A

Estrogen secreting and lipid laden

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37
Q

Characteristic of endometriosis?

A

Mulberry-Nodules

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38
Q

How can you tell if it is neonatal blood?

A

Nucleated RBCs

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39
Q

What transmits pain from the labia majora?

A

Round ligament

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40
Q

What are the TORCH infections?

A

TORCH infections are toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus with the O in TORCH stands for other which includes: coxsackie virus, syphilis, varicella-zoster, HIV, and parvovirus. We now know the “O” should also stand for ebloa virus and zika virus.

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41
Q

9 valent HPV is mainly to protect?

A

Females from cervical cancer

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42
Q

The cavernous nerve is ___ while the pudendal is ___?

A

Parasympathetic; sympathetic

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43
Q

Why is there an androgen peak in the second trimester?

A

To establish an external genitalia

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44
Q

Chancroid is caused by?

A

Haemophylius duceri

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45
Q

Polypoid cystitis

A

Indwelling catheter chronic infection

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46
Q

Follistatin?

A

Inhibits activin

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47
Q

Viagra is?

A

PDE5 inhibitor leading to increased cGMP

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48
Q

Ca-125 is an indicator?

A

Surface epithelial ovarian tumors

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49
Q

BRCA1 increases the risk of?

A

Medullary carcinoma

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50
Q

BRCA2 increases risk of?

A

Male breast cancer

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51
Q

Genital tubercle forms?

A

Glands of clitoris and penis

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52
Q

UG folds form?

A

Labia minora and body of the penis

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53
Q

OG groove forms?

A

Opening of the urethra (M+F) and vagina

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54
Q

Labioscrotal swelling forms?

A

Labia major and scrotum

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55
Q

What causes hypospadias?

A

Failure of the UG folds to fuse

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56
Q

What causes epispadias?

A

Incorrect positioning of the Genital tubercle

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57
Q

What increases GnRH in males?

A

Neuropeptide Y, Leptin and NE

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58
Q

What muscle is commonly injured in birthing?

A

Pubococcygeus

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59
Q

Straddle injury may cause bleeding where?

A

Superficial perineal space

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60
Q

Pathology associated with rectouterine fold?

A

Pregnant uterus can expand and cause lower back pain

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61
Q

Spermatogonia are dividing?

A

Mitotically

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62
Q

Spermatocytes are dividing?

A

Meiotically

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63
Q

Why are sperm genetically foreign?

A

Genetic recombination, haploid gene expression, and creation long after “immunological self” has been determined

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64
Q

Prolactin binding to Leydig cells does what?

A

Increases LH receptors

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65
Q

Angle by which the ureter enters bladder?

A

Oblique so it doesnt let pee back up

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66
Q

blastocele cavity becomes?

A

Yolk sac cavity

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67
Q

Fluid filled space between bilayer embryonic germ disc and trophoblast?

A

Amniotic cavity

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68
Q

What treats BPH?

A

Alpha adrenergic antagonist and 5 alpha reductase inhibitors

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69
Q

Development of the fetal testis from the bipotential gonad is under the control of what?

A

The SRY gene - no hormones involved

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70
Q

How does placental lactogen affect milk production?

A

Increases it

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71
Q

Why do granulosa cells secrete plaminogen and collagenase?

A

Allow for ovulation

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72
Q

What are the visceral fibers that mediate sensation of uterus fundus and body?

A

Travel along sympathetic path of the hypogastric and lumbar splanchnic (L1-L2)

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73
Q

Pain from the cervical neck of uterus is carried where?

A

Parasympathetic - Pelvic splanchnic - S2,3,4

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74
Q

Uterine prolapse is caused by?

A

Stretching of vaginal wall, cardinal and round ligament.

May include uterosacral ligament

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75
Q

Caudal epidural block

A

Blocks sensation to perineum, vagina and cervix

76
Q

Pudendal nerve block

A

Reduces somatic sensations - vulva and perineum

77
Q

How to find pudendal nerve?

A

Palpate ishial spine

78
Q

Kegel exercise strengthen?

A

Levator ani muscles

79
Q

Didelphyic uterus

A

Complete failure of paramesonephric to fuse

80
Q

Bicournate uterus formation?

A

Partial failure of the parameso to fuse

81
Q

Septate uterus

A

Failure to reabsorb midline septum.

82
Q

How will adenomyosis alter size of uterus?

A

Increase size

83
Q

Type of breast cancer to most likely be bilateral?

84
Q

Most common cardiac abnorm with maternal diabetes?

A

Transposition of great arteries

85
Q

Maternal diabetes leaves mother at risk for?

A

Post op wound infection

Preeclampsia

Uteroplacental insufficiency

86
Q

The 1 time GDM test has done what?

A

Increased incidence of GDM 2-3 times

87
Q

Jaundice should not occur in a new born within?

A

24 hours

Normal 48-72 hours

88
Q

Why is temp control a problem in newborns?

A

Decreased mass to surface are ratio

89
Q

Conduction

A

Solid to solid transfer

90
Q

Convection

A

Solid to gas

91
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid to gas

92
Q

What is most beneficial for postmenopausal women for HRT?

A

Low dose estrogen only with transdermal patch

93
Q

What should you not use in postmenopausal women as HRT?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

94
Q

If a woman has had hysterectomy, what should not happen?

A

Estrogen as hormone replacement

95
Q

Bilirubin is toxic to?

96
Q

BIRADS 1 and 2

A

Benign normal follow up

97
Q

BIRADS 3

A

Probably benign shorter follow up though

98
Q

BIRADS 4

A

Possible malignancy - follow up for tissue sampling

99
Q

BIRADS 5

A

Greater than 95% malignancy

100
Q

BIRADS 6

A

Proven malignancy - used for follow up

101
Q

Low grade urothelial papillary tumor

A

Orderly appearance, evenly spaced and minimal atypia

102
Q

High grade urothelial papillary urothelial carcinoma

A

Dyscohesive with larger hyperchromatic nuclei

Many mitotic figures

103
Q

Uterine prolapse cause

A

Weakened levator ani muscles

104
Q

Pudendal nerve block

A

Somatic - perineum and vagina (found lateral to sacrospinous)

105
Q

Caudal nerve block

A

Subperitoneal viscera

106
Q

PID can cause

107
Q

Infections can be drained from the rectouterine pouch via access through what?

A

Posterior fornix of vagina

108
Q

Erection nerves

A

Pelvic splanchnic

Inferior hypogastric

Prostatic plexus

Cavernous nerves

Parasympathetic

109
Q

Sympathetic of penis?

A

Sacral splanchnic

(inf hypo is mixed)

110
Q

Motor nerves of penis?

A

Deep perineal nerve

111
Q

Mechanism of ejaculation

A

Internal urethral sphincter closes

external opens

Bulbospongiosus contracts

112
Q

Contraction of ishiocav and bulbospong

A

Forces blood into erectile tissue

113
Q

1st degree laceration of birth canal

A

Perineal skin and mucosa

114
Q

2nd degree laceration of birth canal

A

1st degree and fascia and muscles of perineal body

115
Q

3rd degree laceration of BC

A

extending to anal sphincter

116
Q

4th degree laceration

A

Extending through rectal mucosa

117
Q

Blood testis barrier formed

A

at puberty

118
Q

Cytoplasmic bridges in sperm funciton

A

Phenotypically diploid

Genotypically haploid

119
Q

Immunological foreign reasons

A

Genitic recombination (maternal and paternal)

Haploid gene expression

Spermatogenesis occurs after immunological self is established

120
Q

Peritubular myoid cells respond to

121
Q

Hysterectomy needs to ligate what

A

Uterine and ovarian artery

122
Q

Increased temperature does what to testicle?

A

Seminiferous tubules to atrophy

Leydig cells are ok

123
Q

Flat urothelial carinoma in-situ

A

Flat urothelium cytologically malignant, full thickness and scattered pagetoid

124
Q

Invasive urothelial carcinoma

A

associated with papillary or flat

Extent of invasion into muscular propria

125
Q

Bowen and Bowenoid are related to

126
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

Chronic infection of unknown origin

127
Q

Malakoplakia

A

MG bodies

Yellow mucosal plaques Foamy macrophages

Chronic infection so not presenting like acute

128
Q

Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

129
Q

Schistosomas will have what on histo

A

Calcified eggs

Looking like reddish dots

130
Q

Kegel exercises strengthen

A

Pubococcygeus (Levator ani)

131
Q

Straddle injury results from

A

Superficial perineal space bleeding

Bloacked by superficial perineal membrane

132
Q

Perianal abscess forms where?

A

Ischioanal fossa

133
Q

Isthmus softening is a sign of?

134
Q

Do not ligate what in a hysterectomy

135
Q

Pain in labia majora caused by

A

Pulling on round ligament

136
Q

Lumbosacral trunk arises from

137
Q

Ovary drains to what lymph node

138
Q

Guardisil 9 protects against? When given

A

6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58

0, 2 and 6 months

139
Q

75% of pregnancies failure to begin due to?

A

Failure to implant

140
Q

Ovarian cyst likely will lead to?

141
Q

Most leiomyomas are?

A

Asymptomatic

142
Q

Use of a pessary?

A

Levator ani muscles

143
Q

Structural causes of AUB

A

PALM

Polyp

Adenomyosis

Leiomya

Malignancy

144
Q

Nonstructural causes of AUB

A

COEIN

Coag

Ovulatory dysfunciton

Endometrial

Iatrogenic

Not yet classified

145
Q

Most common symptom of CIN3

A

Post coital bleeding

146
Q

Minipill does

A

Increases cervical viscoscity

Does not inhibit mid cycle LH surge

147
Q

Contraception that causes missed periods can expect

A

Breakthrough bleeding

148
Q

Copper IUD

A

Can be used in emergency

Prevents implantation as well

149
Q

Plan B can be used

A

Within 72 hrs of event

150
Q

Depo does what

A

inhibits mid cycle LH

151
Q

Etonogestrel and IUDs are good why

A

20x more effective and much less risk for thrombosis

152
Q

What happens to clotting factors in pregnancy

A

Most increase

153
Q

What happens to BP through pregnancy

A

Systolic - should stay same

Diastolic - decreases in 2nd and increases in 3rd

154
Q

What happens to FRC in pregnancy

155
Q

What is the role of progesterone and estrogen on oviduct cells

A

Prog - make more secretory

Estrogen - make more ciliated

156
Q

Non ciliated (peg) cells increase

A

In the secretory phase due to prog

157
Q

Straight arteries do what

A

Provide blood to stratum basale

158
Q

Coiled arteries do

A

Provide blood to functionale

159
Q

Endocervix has what epi

160
Q

Exocervix has what epithelium

161
Q

Does the ampulla of vas store sperm

162
Q

What determines gonadal sex

163
Q

Turners syndrome?

A

Short, wide nipples, normal intellignence, Increase FSH and LH due to ovarian failure

164
Q

Sinuvaginal bulbs importance

A

Distal 1/5th of vagina

165
Q

Most common location of cryptorchid testicle

A

Inguinal canal

166
Q

Migration of testis uses?

A

Insulin like GF 3 from Leydig cells

167
Q

Hypospadias

Epispadias

A

H - VENTRAL surface

E - DORSAL

168
Q

Most common bacteria for acute cystitis?

169
Q

Pregnancy does what to lungs?

A

Increased minute ventilation

Decreased serum CO2

170
Q

Pregnancy does what to kidneys?

A

Increased GFR and plasma flow

Hydronephrosis is caused by bladder backing up

171
Q

Role of PL on insulin resistance?

A

Increased lipolysis

More FFA

decreased glucose uptake

172
Q

Transverse arrest of fetal head

173
Q

Persistant posterior

A

Anthropoid

174
Q

Decreased descent?

175
Q

Risk factors for breast carcinoma

A

Dense breast and 1st degree family member

176
Q

When to use screening mammogram?

A

When patient is asymptomatic

177
Q

When to use diagnostic mammogram?

A

When patient has symptoms

178
Q

When to use ultrasound for breast

A

To characterize a mass

179
Q

When to use MRI for breast?

A

New diagnosis of cancer

Ruptured implant

Following existing cancer

180
Q

Clomiphene citrate

A

Estrogen antagonist at hypothalamus

Increased FSH

More than one follicle

181
Q

Metastatic breast cancer

182
Q

Bleeding in pregnancy with smoking (no pain)?

Pain?

A

NP - previa

Accreta

183
Q

How to OCs decrease PID?

A

Increasing cervical mucosa thickness

184
Q

Path of egg in ovulation

A

Ovulation

Meiosis 1

Fertilization

M2

Morula

Blastocyst

Hatch

Implant

185
Q

Atypical hyperplasia is more risky for pre or postmenopausal women?

Reproduction and Sexuality (58 decks)

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