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Reproduction and Sexuality > 2.4.1 Physiology of the Placenta > Flashcards

2.4.1 Physiology of the Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional role of invasive cytotrophoblasts?

A

Tap into the maternal vasculature (spiral arteries) after week 12 of gestation

Decidua assists in controlling the depth of invasion

Prior to this the placenta and developing fetus is somewhat hypoxic

Nutrient and waste exchange can then occur across the syntial layer of the placenta.

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2
Q

Describe how these hormones (estrogen, progesterone, insulin, GCs, Prl GH PL, and oxytocin) affect mammary gland development

A
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3
Q

Identify the components of implantation

A
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4
Q

What allows the placenta to produce estradiol?

A

DHEA from the fetal adrenal

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5
Q

Describe the production of CG (CG levels) throughout pregnancy

A
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6
Q

What type of blood?

A

Maternal blood

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7
Q

What are the three steps of cytotrophblast remodeling?

A
  1. Cytotrophoblast invasion of spiral arteries
  2. Maternal blood bathes placental villi
  3. Nutrient exchange across villi
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8
Q

(Blastocyst) Invasion and remodeling of the hypoxic environment occur during what time period of the pregnancy?

A

The first 12 wks

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9
Q

What are the four roles of decidualization?

A

controls invasion, nutrition, prevents immune rejection, Prl secretion

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10
Q

What hormones are produced by the syncytial layer (Syncytiocytotrophoblasts)?

A

Chorionic Gonadotrophin (CG)

Placental Lactogen (PL)

Progesterone

Estrogens

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11
Q

What cellular connection aids in myometrial contractions?

A

Gap Junctions

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12
Q

Which hormone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation?

A

Progesterone

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13
Q

Describe how maternal circulating levels of pituitary GH (GH1), placental GH (GH2), and IGF during pregnancy change.

A
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14
Q

What are the roles of PL?

A

Regulates metabolism, stimulating the conversion of glucose into FA’s and ketones, stored as fuels, promotes maternal mammary gland development

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15
Q

What is a major stimulator of oxytocin in milk propulsion?

A

Suckling

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16
Q

What is this an image of? What are the two roles of syncytiotrophoblasts?

A

Placental villi (floating)

Roles: Transport, endocrine

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17
Q

What is the role of CG?

A

Binds to LH receptors and stimulates progesterone production by Corpus Luteum

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18
Q

How does the production of PL change during the course of a pregnancy? (red)

A
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19
Q

CG regulates the synthesis and secretion of __ from the corpus luteum

A

P4

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20
Q

What changes occur in the functional and structural phase of luteolysis? (4)

A

Changes in: sensitivity to LH, blood supply, P4 and E2, leads to apoptosis

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21
Q

What two hormones play a role in lactation?

A

Prolactin - milk secretion

Oxytocin - propels milk

22
Q

Describe placental steriodogenesis as it relates to the fetus and producing products for maternal circulation

A
23
Q

What are the roles of relaxin, estrogens, prostaglandins, and oxytocin in parturition?

A
24
Q

What hormones can be produced by the fetus?

A

DHEA

25
Q

Describe the phases of menses, follicular, ovulation, and luteal

A
26
Q

How long does the gamete reside in the Fallopian tube? In the uterus prior to implantation?

A
  • Resides within the oviduct/fallopian tube for approximately 3 days
  • Resides within the uterus approximately 3 days prior to attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall and subsequent invasion.
  • Therefore, implantation occurs 6-7 days following ovulation.
27
Q

Identify the maturity of the placenta

A

Left: 1st trimester placenta

Right: Full term placenta

28
Q

What is the predominating hormone in the follicular phase? luteal phase?

A

Follicular: Estrogen

Luteal: Progesterone

29
Q

Describe the blood flow to the placenta

A

High volume and low resistance

30
Q

What are the two goals of the cyclicity of the HPG axis?

A
  1. Prepare a fertilizable oocyte
  2. Establish a uterine environment that promotes:
  • Gamete movement (primarily via Estrogen)
  • Implantation (Progesterone)
    • The oocyte is viable/fertile for approximately 18 hr (6-24 hr range) following ovulation
31
Q

What hormones can be produced from cholesterol in the placenta?

A

P4

NO Androgen synthesis b/c the lack of CYP17 (no estradiol)

32
Q
A
33
Q

What is the importance of the early rise of CG?

A

Rescues the corpus luteum and progesterone production

34
Q

Compare CG and LH (secreted from, acts upon, composition, MW, t1/2, receptor)

A
35
Q

What inhibits myometrial contraction? Stimulates it?

A

Inhibitor: P4

Stimulators: Estrogens

36
Q

What hormones can be produced in the ovary?

A

P4 and Estradiol

37
Q

Parturition relies on the positive feedback of what?

A

Oxytocin (leading to greater and greater contractions

38
Q

Increase in secretion of CRH from the placenta stimulates what? (2)

A

Fetal adrenal DHEA production

Prostaglandin production

39
Q

What are the roles of the 4 functional components of the placenta?

A

Cytotrophoblasts (placental stem cell characterisitics)

Anchoring villous – Attachment

Invasive cytotrophoblasts – Invasion

Syncytiocytotrophoblasts – Barrier, Endocrine, Transport

40
Q

What allows the placenta to produce estriol?

A

16OH-DHEA from fetal adrenal/liver

41
Q

On what side of the villi are the different types of blood?

A

Top: Maternal

Bottom: Fetal

42
Q

Describe the feedback with oxytocin

A
43
Q

Describe how hormone production occurs b/t the mother, placenta, and fetus. IMPORTANT

A
44
Q

What are the four functional components of the placenta?

A
  1. Cytotrophoblasts
  2. Anchoring villous, columns of cytotrophoblasts
  3. Invasive cytotrophoblasts
  4. Syncytiocytotrophoblasts
45
Q

What inhibits cervical maturation (collagen breakdown)? Stimulates it?

A

Inhibitor: P4

Stimulators: E, Relaxin, PGE2

46
Q

Describe how the various levels of estrogen and progesterone change over the course of a pregnancy

A
47
Q

Which hormone aids in gamete movement?

A

Estrogen

48
Q

What is circumscribed in blue?

A

Placenta

49
Q

Describe how the gamete moves and develops as it passes down the Fallopian tube

A
50
Q

What are the effects of estrogen/progesterone on the uterus? What other sites do these hormones work on?

A

Reproduction and Sexuality (58 decks)

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