Post-Neonatal and Weanling Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what parasite can cause lower respiratory disease in older foals and weanlings?

A

Parascaris equorum

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2
Q

should you use antibiotics in foals with respiratory disease?

A

yes: more fragile than adults
non-infectious causes of cough are unusual in foals

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3
Q

do horses with disease often have a normal CBC?

A

yes- all ages

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4
Q

for what can nebulizing with gentamycin or amikacin be useful?

A

Bordatella spp

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5
Q

what is Rhodococcus equi?

A

obligate aerobe
intracellular
gram positive, acid fast
pleomorphic cocco-bacillus

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6
Q

when do you see disease due to Rhodococcus equi in foals?

A

1-4 months old

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7
Q

where does Rhodococcus equi survive and replicate?

A

macrophages: inhibits phagosome/lysosome fusion

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8
Q

what are the five mechanisms of hypoxemia?

A

V/Q mismatch
diffusion impairment
shunt
hypoventilation
low FiO2

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9
Q

how long is the environment contaminated with Parascaris equorum?

A

up to 5 years

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10
Q

who is at risk for Parascaris equorum?

A

young or very naive or debilitated adults
most severe on breeding farms

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11
Q

what does Parascaris equorum have significant resistance to?

A

ivermectin

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12
Q

what are the bacterial causes of lower respiratory disease in older foals and weanlings?

A

opportunistic: Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus
Rhodococcus equi

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13
Q

how common is cough with foal respiratory disease?

A

infrequent even with severe disease

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14
Q

what do Bordatella species produce?

A

beta-lactamase

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15
Q

what is opportunistic bacterial bronchitis and pneumonia known as?

A

snotty nose syndrome
undifferentiated distal respiratory tract infection

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16
Q

what are the risk factors for lower respiratory disease in foals?

A

high stocking density
dusty housing
nadir of immunosuppression: when maternal antibodies lapse

17
Q

what is the epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi?

A

soil-borne- inhaled
10-20% farms endemic
likes warmth
only 100 organisms needed for infection

18
Q

what are the common signs of Rhodococcus equi?

A

young foals, insidious infection
fever, dyspnea, crackles, wheezes, coughing
neutrophilia, lethargy
maybe normal on auscultation

19
Q

how can you screen for Rhodococcus equi?

A

ultrasound screen
temperatures bi-weekly from 30-90 days of age
CBC with fibrinogen in a few
serum amyloid A

20
Q

what causes of hypoxemia cause a large A-a gradient?

A

V/Q mismatch
diffusion impairment
shunt

21
Q

what drugs can you use for Rhodococcus equi (intracellular)?

A

rifampin
macrolide: clarithromycin, azithromycin, erythromycin

22
Q

why should you use macrolides with caution?

A

can cause severe diarrhea and hyperthermia in foals and mares

23
Q

what is the life cycle of Parascaris equorum?

A

direct
migration

24
Q

do horses usually self-cure of Parascaris equorum?

A

yes- 18 months

25
what organs does Parascaris equorum affect?
liver damage usually subclinical lungs: inflammation, edema and consolidation gut: mechanical obstruction and inflammation
26
how long may infections with P. equorum be patent?
3 months
27
what are the clinical signs of P. equorum?
coughing and mucopurulent nasal discharge seldom febrile unless secondary infection poor doers ileus, impactions, rupture
28
why should you treat adults for P. equorum?
may harbor enough to be infective source