Equine Clinical Respiratory Examination

Question 1

what is more important in signalment and history?

Answer 1

age
environment
travel

Question 2

what should you note when watching a horse breathe?

Answer 2

contribution from rib cage and abdomen
head position
extent of nasal flaring

Question 3

what is bradypnea?

Answer 3

slower than normal breathing

Question 4

what is hyperpnea?

Answer 4

increased volume with breathing

Question 5

what is hyperventilation?

Answer 5

over-ventilation beyond the need for CO2 elimination

Question 6

what is kussmaul due to?

Answer 6

decreased pH

Question 7

what is kussmaul?

Answer 7

steady, deep, sighing, air hunger
form of hyperventilation

Question 8

what causes cough?

Answer 8

reflex
particle/chemical/stretch stimulation of receptors in pharynx, trachea, large and small airways

Question 9

what can nasal rubbing and head shaking be due to?

Answer 9

irritation, inflammation, foreign bodies, infiltrative disease, secretions

Question 10

where might epistaxis be coming from?

Answer 10

ethmoids
nasal passages
guttural pouches
lung

Question 11

what is increased intensity of normal sounds due to?

Answer 11

increased flow rate: hyperpnea/tachypnea
narrowing of airways increasing velocity of flow

Question 12

what should you note when watching a horse breathe?

Answer 12

contribution of rib cage and abdomen
head position
extent of nasal flaring

Question 13

what is agonal breathing?

Answer 13

slow, shallow, irregular
brain injury

Question 14

what is cheyne-stokes breathing?

Answer 14

crescendo-decrescendo due to disordered central control

Question 15

what does cough often go in tandem with?

Answer 15

bronchoconstriction

Question 16

do normal horses cough with rebreathing?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

what can stimulate sneezing?

Answer 17

irritation or inflammation of nasal mucosa or associated sinuses
nasal secretions

Question 18

what is hemoptysis?

Answer 18

blood coughed up from oral cavity

Question 19

what bleeds bilaterally with epistaxis/hemoptysis?

Answer 19

sources caudal to caudal border of nasal septum

Question 20

what causes increased expiratory sounds?

Answer 20

partial collapse of intrathoracic airways promoted by increased alveolar pressure generation

Question 21

when might there be loss of lung sounds?

Answer 21

pneumothorax
pleural effusion

Question 22

what can lead to an increase in resonance on percussion?

Answer 22

pneumothorax
hyperinflation

Question 23

what are some causes of tachypnea?

Answer 23

hypoxemia
hypercapnia
metabolic acidosis
hyperthermia

Question 24

does tachypnea increase minute ventilation?

Answer 24

not necessarily

Question 25

what is dyspnea caused by?

Answer 25

marked decrement in gas exchange mechanical obstruction can cause

Question 26

what can cause malodorous breath?

Answer 26

dental disease nasal disease pulmonary abscess pleuropneumonia

Question 27

where should you perform thoracocentesis?

Answer 27

ventral as possible at 8-10th space to avoid heart