Equine Clinical Respiratory Examination Flashcards
what is more important in signalment and history?
age
environment
travel
what should you note when watching a horse breathe?
contribution from rib cage and abdomen
head position
extent of nasal flaring
what is bradypnea?
slower than normal breathing
what is hyperpnea?
increased volume with breathing
what is hyperventilation?
over-ventilation beyond the need for CO2 elimination
what is kussmaul due to?
decreased pH
what is kussmaul?
steady, deep, sighing, air hunger
form of hyperventilation
what causes cough?
reflex
particle/chemical/stretch stimulation of receptors in pharynx, trachea, large and small airways
what can nasal rubbing and head shaking be due to?
irritation, inflammation, foreign bodies, infiltrative disease, secretions
where might epistaxis be coming from?
ethmoids
nasal passages
guttural pouches
lung
what is increased intensity of normal sounds due to?
increased flow rate: hyperpnea/tachypnea
narrowing of airways increasing velocity of flow
what should you note when watching a horse breathe?
contribution of rib cage and abdomen
head position
extent of nasal flaring
what is agonal breathing?
slow, shallow, irregular
brain injury
what is cheyne-stokes breathing?
crescendo-decrescendo due to disordered central control
what does cough often go in tandem with?
bronchoconstriction
do normal horses cough with rebreathing?
no
what can stimulate sneezing?
irritation or inflammation of nasal mucosa or associated sinuses
nasal secretions
what is hemoptysis?
blood coughed up from oral cavity
what bleeds bilaterally with epistaxis/hemoptysis?
sources caudal to caudal border of nasal septum
what causes increased expiratory sounds?
partial collapse of intrathoracic airways promoted by increased alveolar pressure generation
when might there be loss of lung sounds?
pneumothorax
pleural effusion
what can lead to an increase in resonance on percussion?
pneumothorax
hyperinflation
what are some causes of tachypnea?
hypoxemia
hypercapnia
metabolic acidosis
hyperthermia
does tachypnea increase minute ventilation?
not necessarily
what is dyspnea caused by?
marked decrement in gas exchange
mechanical obstruction can cause
what can cause malodorous breath?
dental disease
nasal disease
pulmonary abscess
pleuropneumonia
where should you perform thoracocentesis?
ventral as possible at 8-10th space to avoid heart
