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A. Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery > Normal Foaling and Foal > Flashcards

Normal Foaling and Foal Flashcards

1
Q

how long is gestation in a mare?

A

11 months
320-365 days

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2
Q

what happens 4-6 weeks before birth?

A

mammary development
increasing estrogen, decreasing progesterone

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3
Q

when does foalert- a transmitter sutured to vulvar lips- not work?

A

when foal is not presented correctly in parturition and does not trigger alarm

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4
Q

how can you prepare the mare for parturition?

A

clean udder and hindlegs where foal may suckle
wrap tail
place in clean stall of in small clean paddock
undo caslick if one has been placed

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5
Q

what infectious causes make mare pregnancies high risk?

A

placentitis: bacterial or fungal
equine herpes virus

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6
Q

what are some non-infectious reproductive causes of a high risk pregnancy?

A

twinning
congenital abnormalities
uterine torsion
fescue endophyte toxicosis
dystocia
premature placental separation
neonatal asphyxia

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7
Q

what can you use transabdominal ultrasound to check for in pregnant mares?

A

live foal
twins
excess allantoic fluid
placentitis

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8
Q

what is the objective of managing a high-risk dam?

A

optimize pregnancy length and prevent foal infection

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9
Q

what is stage I of labor like?

A

mare restless, may appear colicky
30 mins to 4 hours
uterine contractions help position foal

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10
Q

what are most dystocias due to?

A

malposition of foal

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11
Q

when should the placenta be passed?

A

within 3 hours

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12
Q

how much should the placenta weigh?

A

11% of foal’s body weight

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13
Q

how long should it take for thee foal to put itself into sternal?

A

3-5 minutes

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14
Q

when should a foal be nursing?

A

45-90 minutes

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15
Q

how much colostrum does a foal require?

A

1-2 liters of good quality colostrum

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16
Q

how long can colostrum from mares be stored frozen?

A

1-2 years

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17
Q

how does sunlight affect colostrum?

A

reduced colostrum with reduced sunlight

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18
Q

what happens with foal GI systems at 2-3 months?

A

continued growth of small intestine but largest difference in cecum and large colon

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19
Q

what is the gastric pH of newborn foals?

A

3.2-3.7

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20
Q

when is liver glycogen depleted in a newborn foal?

A

within 2 hours of birth

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21
Q

what is coprophagia?

A

eating poop
normal for foals

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22
Q

what is a foal’s birth weight?

A

10-11% of dam

23
Q

when do foals reach 95% of their adult height?

A

by 18 months of age

24
Q

what are the prepartum causes of low birth weight?

A

prematurity
twinning
intrauterine growth retardation secondary to placental dysfunction

25
Q

when does colostrum show up?

A

2-14 days before parturition

26
Q

what are some signs of impending birth?

A

waxing of teats
sacrosciatic tone relaxed
vulva relaxes
all last few weeks

27
Q

when should you begin testing mammary secretions to predict parturition?

A

10-14 days before foaling date

28
Q

when do most mares foal?

A

between 9pm and 9am

29
Q

what are some signs of placentitis?

A

precocious lactation
vulval discharge

30
Q

what are some non-reproductive causes of a high risk pregnancy?

A

any severe maternal illness
colic
endotoxemia
pleuritis
abdominal tunic ruptures

31
Q

should you do a vaginal exam on a pregnant mare?

A

no- might introduce bacteria

32
Q

what should you look at for the fetus with ultrasound?

A

cloudy amniotic fluid
increased fluid
presence of two hearts
approximate size
appropriate activity
placental detachment

33
Q

what is stage II of labor?

A

water breaks and foal passes into birth cana;
must be delivered within 20-30 minutes

34
Q

where are nocardia infections seen on the placenta?

A

near horns and ventral body

35
Q

when should a foal attempt to stand?

A

10-30 minutes

36
Q

where should you palpate on a foal?

A

ribs
mouth
eyes
umbilicus
inside of ears
joints for swelling

37
Q

what is in colostrum?

A

high IgG, less IgA and IgM
nutrition: high protein, lower lactose and lipid
mild laxative effect

38
Q

when is peak absorption of colostrum?

A

within 6-8 hours of birth

39
Q

how can you assess quality of colostrum?

A

colostrometer: >1.060
brix refractometer: 20-30%

40
Q

what level of IgG is aimed for in colostrum?

A

> 800 mg/dL

41
Q

what is complete failure of passive immunity?

A

<400 mg/dL

42
Q

what is partial failure of passive immunity?

A

400-800 mg/dL

43
Q

when should you give colostrum vs hyperimmune plasma transfusion to a foal with partial failure of passive immunity?

A

colostrum if available and <12 hours of age

44
Q

what should you do if a foal does not nurse within 2 hours?

A

tube feed colostrum as soon as possible

45
Q

what are the risk factors for failure of passive immunity?

A

month of foaling: reduced sunlight
age of dam: older
adverse events around parturition
breeds: standardbreds
poor quality due to leakage prepartum

46
Q

when should you perform IgG testing?

A

normal foal: 18-24 hours
high risk foal: 12-24 hours

47
Q

what happens in the first month of life with the gastrointestinal system?

A

increased small intestinal length and diameter, increased villous surface area

48
Q

when do maltase and lactase activity equal each other?

A

3-4 months of age

49
Q

how much should foals drink per day?

A

25-30% of body weight per day

50
Q

how many kcals do foals require a day?

A

120-150 kcal/kg/day

51
Q

what is daily average weight gain of foals?

A

1.6 kg/day

52
Q

how tall are foals at birth?

A

60% of adult height at withers

53
Q

what are postpartum causes of low birth weight?

A

agalactia in mare
foal rejection by mare
foal not nursing
catabolism secondary to disease
malabsorption of food

A. Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery (56 decks)

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