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Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery > Equine Muscle Disorders > Flashcards

Equine Muscle Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is special about muscle physiology in horses?

A

increased muscle mass
greater locomotor efficiency
high mitochondrial volume
high intramuscular store of glycogen
high buffer and lactate transport capacity
can improve all of the above with training

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2
Q

what gene determines whether they are better at distance or sprint?

A

myostatin gene

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3
Q

when does sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis occur?

A

after very hard exercise
unfit horse

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4
Q

when does recurrent rhabdomyolysis occur?

A

beginning of light exercise
stress

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5
Q

what is recurrent rhabdomyolysis due to?

A

abnormal intracellular calcium regulation causing lower threshold for contracture

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6
Q

what are the chief complaints with rhabdomyolysis?

A

reluctance to move
discolored urine
more in quarter horses and draft horses

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7
Q

what are some distinguishing physical exam findings with rhabdomyolysis?

A

hard muscles
muscles sensitive to touch

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8
Q

what is the main pathogenic mechanism of rhabdomyolysis?

A

myocyte lysis

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9
Q

what can you test to check for rhabdomyolysis?

A

creatine kinase
aspartate transaminase
lactate dehydrogenase

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10
Q

what does creatine kinase do in an injury?

A

increases by 6 hours and peaks at 12 hours after
if ongoing injury, will continue to rise

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11
Q

when does lactate dehydrogenase increase with muscle injury?

A

by 2 days
will continue to rise with ongoing injury

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12
Q

what are some key diagnostic test results with rhabdomyolysis?

A

muscle pain
markedly elevated muscle enzyme activities
myoglobinuria

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13
Q

what are the main treatments for rhabdomyolysis?

A

rest
intravenous fluid therapy for perfusion and kidneys
manage/monitor electrolytes
flunixin meglumine NSAID if well hydrated
acetominophen if worried about AKI
butorphanol or morphine if severe pain
acepromazine as anxiolytic if euvolemic

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14
Q

what are the clinical signs of polysaccharide myopathy?

A

severe cases indistinguishable from exertional rhabdomyolysis
chronic low-grade disease: poor performance

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15
Q

what happens in polysaccharide storage myopathy I?

A

glycogen made all the time but not broken down properly

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16
Q

how can you test for polysaccharide storage myopathy?

A

take creatine kinase before and 6 hours after trotting
genetic test if PSSM-1
muscle biopsy

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17
Q

what are the main treatments for polysaccharide storage myopathy?

A

rest
IV fluids if myoglobinuria
low-nonstructural carbohydrate diet

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18
Q

what are the chief complaints with atypical myopathy?

A

same as exertional rhabdomyolysis but not associated with exercise
more severe
sudden death

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19
Q

what is the pathogenesis of atypical myopathy?

A

hypoglycin A in sycamore and box elder
multiple acyl CoA deficiency

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20
Q

who gets post-anesthesia myopathy?

A

large or heavily muscles horses

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21
Q

who can get nutritional myodegeneration (white muscle disease)?

A

foals
lambs
kids

22
Q

which muscle is affected by white muscle disease?

A

more on red (type I oxidative) muscle fibers: use beta oxidation
skeletal and cardiac muscle

23
Q

how can you treat white muscle disease?

A

inject vitamin E and selenium
add vitamin E and selenium to diet
poor prognosis if heart involvement

24
Q

what is the distinguishing physical exam finding with vitamin E deficiency myopathy in an adult?

A

muscle atrophy

25
what is the main pathogenic mechanism in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
genetic defect in voltage-gated sodium channel
26
is hyperkalemic periodic paralysis associated with muscle damage?
no
27
who is hyperkalemic periodic paralysis traced back to?
quarter horse stallion named Impressive
28
what are the main treatments for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
IV dextrose or calcium acetazolamide low-potassium diet
29
which MHC heavy chain is fast twitch?
2X
30
which MHC heavy chain is slow twitch?
1
31
when does sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis occur?
toward end to extreme exercise several hours after exercise or next day
32
how common is recurrent rhabdomyolysis?
5% thoroughbred racehorses less than a year complex heritable component
33
which muscles should you especially palpate for rhabdomyolysis?
epaxials gluteals
34
what is released when myocytes rupture?
myoglobin other intracellular proteins electrolytes
35
why is hypocalcemia seen with rhabdomyolysis?
calcium binds free actin and myosin
36
where are isoenzymes for creatine kinase?
gut brain
37
what is lactate dehydrogenase critical for?
pyruvate-lactate shuttle
38
why are intravenous fluids given for rhabdomyolysis?
improve perfusion prevent renal failure
39
how can rhabdomyolysis be managed?
exercise: consistent daily exercise, slow warm up/cool down recurrent: short periods exercise- 10 minutes trace minerals and electrolytes in feed electrolytes in water to exercising horses
40
why does cell swelling and lysis occur with polysaccharide myopathy?
cannot use stored glycogen: insufficient ATP for membrane pumps
41
who usually has polysaccharide storage myopathy type 2?
warmbloods
42
which polysaccharide storage myopathy has a known genetic cause?
type 1
43
who usually gets polysaccharide storage myopathy type 1?
quarterhorse types and continental drafts documented in 20 breeds
44
what is the dietary management of polysaccharide storage myopathy?
lower glycogen production avoid high-glycemic feeds feed low-starch, low-sugar substitute fats for sugars supplemental vitamin E
45
how can you diagnose atypical myopathy?
creatine kinase 100k to millions severe acidosis not associated with exercise
46
how can vitamin E deficiency myopathy be diagnosed in an adult?
usually no elevated creatine kinase low plasma vitamin E responds to treatment: vitamin E
47
which horse breeds are more likely to have hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
quarteerhorses and crosses paint horses appaloosas lineage tracing back to Impressive
48
are heterozygotes usually abnormal or normal in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
normal homozygotes abnormal
49
why doess weakness happen with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
myocytes unable to repolarize fast enough
50
when does hyperkalemia occur with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
only during episode some horses remain normokalemic
51
how can hyperkalemic periodic paralysis be treated?
regular gentle exercise: epinephrine oral glucose intravenous glucose calcium gluconate inhaled albuterol or oral clenbuterol acetazolamide furosemide if no acetazolamide low potassium diet
52
what is acetazolamide?
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic potassium-wasting diuretic

Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery (56 decks)

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