Equine Respiratory Medicine Flashcards
what are the main non-infectious respiratory diseases?
equine asthma
exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
do inorganic particles induce inflammation?
yes
organic dust better at eliciting response
what is the short term impact of corticosteroids?
decrease inflammation
when is overt epistaxis more common?
steeplechases
horses >2 years
females vs intact males
shorter races with higher intensity
what is the main mechanism with EIPH?
pulmonary hypertension
what is cardiac output in a horse at rest?
36 L/min
how does furosemide work for EIPH?
dehydrates horse
may redirect blood flow in lung
what is the inflammation in severe equine asthma?
neutrophilic
what is the inflammation in mild/moderate asthma?
neutrophilic or mast cell inflammation
how common is mild/moderate and severe asthma?
mild/moderate: 20-80% of stabled horses
severe: 15-20% of stabled horses
what causes equine asthma?
exposure to organic and inorganic dusts
allergic component?
what size are inhalable and respiratory particles?
inhalable <10 microns
respiratory <5 microns
what type of response do particles- especially organic ones- elicit?
inflammatory cytokines esp IL-8
what are the clean-up cells?
macrophages
what is the pathology of mild/moderate equine asthma?
inflammatory cells
increased mucus
remodeling?
what is the pathology of severe equine asthma?
severe airway inflammation
increased goblet cells
deranged mucus
airway smooth muscle hyperplasia
fibrosis
how can you detect flow limitations in asthma?
lung function testing
how can you detect increased mucus in asthma?
endoscopy
BAL
what is BAL to detect inflammation useful for?
inflammatory airway disease
interstitial lung diseases
fungal pneumonias
exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
unexplained chronic cough
what are the systemic bronchodilators?
buscopan/n-butylscopolamine
cleenbuterol
what are the inhaled bronchodilators?
albuterol
ipratroprium
what is the long-term effect of corticosteroids?
airway remodeling
what are the systemic corticosteroids?
dexamethasone
prednisolone
triamcinolone
when is pollen worst?
morning
what is a mast cell inhibitor?
cromolyn sodium
which horses can get exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage?
any horse that gallops
QH, THB, SDB
why is EIPH a concern?
lost performance days
lost training days
pre-race medication
banning horses from racing
exercise intolerance
what makes up EIPH?
pulmonary hypertension
edema in gas exchange region of lung
rupture of pulmonary arteries
intra-alveolar hemorrhage
blood in airways
how common is epistaxis with EIPH?
<5%
what is cardiac output for a horse in exercise?
> 300 L/min
what is stroke volume at rest and in exercise?
1L at rest
doubles in exercise
how is EIPH graded?
0-4
>2/4 much less likely to win race
