Equine Respiratory Medicine

Question 1

what are the main non-infectious respiratory diseases?

Answer 1

equine asthma
exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage

Question 2

do inorganic particles induce inflammation?

Answer 2

yes
organic dust better at eliciting response

Question 3

what is the short term impact of corticosteroids?

Answer 3

decrease inflammation

Question 4

when is overt epistaxis more common?

Answer 4

steeplechases
horses >2 years
females vs intact males
shorter races with higher intensity

Question 5

what is the main mechanism with EIPH?

Answer 5

pulmonary hypertension

Question 6

what is cardiac output in a horse at rest?

Answer 6

36 L/min

Question 7

how does furosemide work for EIPH?

Answer 7

dehydrates horse
may redirect blood flow in lung

Question 8

what is the inflammation in severe equine asthma?

Answer 8

neutrophilic

Question 9

what is the inflammation in mild/moderate asthma?

Answer 9

neutrophilic or mast cell inflammation

Question 10

how common is mild/moderate and severe asthma?

Answer 10

mild/moderate: 20-80% of stabled horses
severe: 15-20% of stabled horses

Question 11

what causes equine asthma?

Answer 11

exposure to organic and inorganic dusts
allergic component?

Question 12

what size are inhalable and respiratory particles?

Answer 12

inhalable <10 microns
respiratory <5 microns

Question 13

what type of response do particles- especially organic ones- elicit?

Answer 13

inflammatory cytokines esp IL-8

Question 14

what are the clean-up cells?

Answer 14

macrophages

Question 15

what is the pathology of mild/moderate equine asthma?

Answer 15

inflammatory cells
increased mucus
remodeling?

Question 16

what is the pathology of severe equine asthma?

Answer 16

severe airway inflammation
increased goblet cells
deranged mucus
airway smooth muscle hyperplasia
fibrosis

Question 17

how can you detect flow limitations in asthma?

Answer 17

lung function testing

Question 18

how can you detect increased mucus in asthma?

Answer 18

endoscopy
BAL

Question 19

what is BAL to detect inflammation useful for?

Answer 19

inflammatory airway disease
interstitial lung diseases
fungal pneumonias
exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
unexplained chronic cough

Question 20

what are the systemic bronchodilators?

Answer 20

buscopan/n-butylscopolamine
cleenbuterol

Question 21

what are the inhaled bronchodilators?

Answer 21

albuterol
ipratroprium

Question 22

what is the long-term effect of corticosteroids?

Answer 22

airway remodeling

Question 23

what are the systemic corticosteroids?

Answer 23

dexamethasone
prednisolone
triamcinolone

Question 24

when is pollen worst?

Answer 24

morning

Question 25

what is a mast cell inhibitor?

Answer 25

cromolyn sodium

Question 26

which horses can get exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage?

Answer 26

any horse that gallops
QH, THB, SDB

Question 27

why is EIPH a concern?

Answer 27

lost performance days
lost training days
pre-race medication
banning horses from racing
exercise intolerance

Question 28

what makes up EIPH?

Answer 28

pulmonary hypertension
edema in gas exchange region of lung
rupture of pulmonary arteries
intra-alveolar hemorrhage
blood in airways

Question 29

how common is epistaxis with EIPH?

Answer 29

<5%

Question 30

what is cardiac output for a horse in exercise?

Answer 30

> 300 L/min

Question 31

what is stroke volume at rest and in exercise?

Answer 31

1L at rest
doubles in exercise

Question 32

how is EIPH graded?

Answer 32

0-4
>2/4 much less likely to win race