Disorders of the Newborn Foal Part I Flashcards
what are the conditions of the <24 hour old foal?
prematurity
dysmaturity
the “dummy foal”
neonatal maladjustment syndrome
sepsis
how is incomplete ossification of the cuboidal bones graded?
1-4 based on severity
foals born before ____________ are unlikely to survive and will not be athletes
300 days
what is dysmaturity?
delivered at full term but show characteristics of prematurity
most commonly due to placental insufficiency
how common is perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
1-2% of births
what happens in the delayed phase of perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
hyperemia and cytotoxic edema
Ca enters cells and leads to activation of enzymes
what does therapy of perinatal asphyxia syndrome depend on?
severity of perinatal asphyxia syndrome
what is the prognosis of perinatal asphyxia synrome?
good: up to 80% survive and achieve athletic function
which foals with perinatal asphyxia syndrome have poorer outcomes?
those that exhibit seizure activity within the first 24 hours of life
septic foals
when should you perform a madigan foal squeeze?
for foals with neonatal maladjustment syndrome
what is sepsis?
systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the presence of suspected or proven infection
what is the most common pathogen in neonatal sepsis?
E. coli
what can be seen on bloodwork in a septic foal?
leukopenia
azotemia common
hypoglycemia
hypoxemia/hypercapnia
hyperlactatemia
increased serum amyloid A
positive blood culture
what therapy can you perform for a septic foal?
antimicrobials
fluid therapy
hyperimmune plasma
supportive care
what are some predictors for a septic foal?
prematurity
specific sites of infection
sepsis score
temperature
WBC count
should you bottle feed a septic foal?
never
what is prematurity?
unreadiness for birth
delivery before 320 days- variable
physical and functional
what are the physical signs of prematurity?
small body size and low birth weight
prominent rounded forehead
silky hair coat
entropion
floppy ears
flexor tendon laxity
incomplete ossification of the cuboidal bones
how is incomplete ossification of the cuboidal bones treated?
reduce time standing and activity
maybe full limb bandages
what are the functional effects of prematurity?
weakness
difficulty standing
impaired thermoregulation
abnormal glucose metabolism
cardiovascular dysfunction
respiratory dysfunction
gastrointestinal dysfunction
renal dysfunction
what are the survival rates of premature foals?
up to 80%
how can you prevent prematurity?
close monitoring of pregnancy
early treatment of placentitis
avoid induction of parturition
what can cause a “dummy foal”?
perinatal asphyxia syndrome
neonatal encephalopathy
hypoxic ischemia encephalopathy
dummy foal
wanderer
barker foal
what is perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
hypoxia of tissues occurring during parturition
which organs are most sensitive to perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
brain
gastrointestinal tract
kidney
what happens in the initial phase of perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
energy failure due to oxygen and glucose depletion
what is therapy for perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
supportive care
maintain tissue perfusion
oxygen therapy
manage seizure activity
manage organ damage
therapeutic hypothermia?
what is neonatal maladjustment syndrome?
foals which appear to be dummy foals but have no history of hypoxic event
often foals delivered very fast
what is a madigan foal squeeze thought to do?
reset neurotransmitters
what is the prognosis of neonatal sepsis?
50-60%
what bacteria can cause neonatal sepsis?
gram negative or gram positive
E. coli, streptococci, Enterococcus, Actinobacillus, Enterobacter, staphylococci
what goals should you aim to achieve with fluid therapy of a septic foal?
improved pulse quality and rate
correct clinical signs of dehydration
urine output
normalize PCV and lactate
