Disorders of the Newborn Foal Part I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the conditions of the <24 hour old foal?

A

prematurity
dysmaturity
the “dummy foal”
neonatal maladjustment syndrome
sepsis

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2
Q

how is incomplete ossification of the cuboidal bones graded?

A

1-4 based on severity

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3
Q

foals born before ____________ are unlikely to survive and will not be athletes

A

300 days

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4
Q

what is dysmaturity?

A

delivered at full term but show characteristics of prematurity
most commonly due to placental insufficiency

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5
Q

how common is perinatal asphyxia syndrome?

A

1-2% of births

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6
Q

what happens in the delayed phase of perinatal asphyxia syndrome?

A

hyperemia and cytotoxic edema
Ca enters cells and leads to activation of enzymes

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7
Q

what does therapy of perinatal asphyxia syndrome depend on?

A

severity of perinatal asphyxia syndrome

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8
Q

what is the prognosis of perinatal asphyxia synrome?

A

good: up to 80% survive and achieve athletic function

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9
Q

which foals with perinatal asphyxia syndrome have poorer outcomes?

A

those that exhibit seizure activity within the first 24 hours of life
septic foals

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10
Q

when should you perform a madigan foal squeeze?

A

for foals with neonatal maladjustment syndrome

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11
Q

what is sepsis?

A

systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the presence of suspected or proven infection

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12
Q

what is the most common pathogen in neonatal sepsis?

A

E. coli

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13
Q

what can be seen on bloodwork in a septic foal?

A

leukopenia
azotemia common
hypoglycemia
hypoxemia/hypercapnia
hyperlactatemia
increased serum amyloid A
positive blood culture

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14
Q

what therapy can you perform for a septic foal?

A

antimicrobials
fluid therapy
hyperimmune plasma
supportive care

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15
Q

what are some predictors for a septic foal?

A

prematurity
specific sites of infection
sepsis score
temperature
WBC count

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16
Q

should you bottle feed a septic foal?

17
Q

what is prematurity?

A

unreadiness for birth
delivery before 320 days- variable
physical and functional

18
Q

what are the physical signs of prematurity?

A

small body size and low birth weight
prominent rounded forehead
silky hair coat
entropion
floppy ears
flexor tendon laxity
incomplete ossification of the cuboidal bones

19
Q

how is incomplete ossification of the cuboidal bones treated?

A

reduce time standing and activity
maybe full limb bandages

20
Q

what are the functional effects of prematurity?

A

weakness
difficulty standing
impaired thermoregulation
abnormal glucose metabolism
cardiovascular dysfunction
respiratory dysfunction
gastrointestinal dysfunction
renal dysfunction

21
Q

what are the survival rates of premature foals?

22
Q

how can you prevent prematurity?

A

close monitoring of pregnancy
early treatment of placentitis
avoid induction of parturition

23
Q

what can cause a “dummy foal”?

A

perinatal asphyxia syndrome
neonatal encephalopathy
hypoxic ischemia encephalopathy
dummy foal
wanderer
barker foal

24
Q

what is perinatal asphyxia syndrome?

A

hypoxia of tissues occurring during parturition

25
which organs are most sensitive to perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
brain gastrointestinal tract kidney
26
what happens in the initial phase of perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
energy failure due to oxygen and glucose depletion
27
what is therapy for perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
supportive care maintain tissue perfusion oxygen therapy manage seizure activity manage organ damage therapeutic hypothermia?
28
what is neonatal maladjustment syndrome?
foals which appear to be dummy foals but have no history of hypoxic event often foals delivered very fast
29
what is a madigan foal squeeze thought to do?
reset neurotransmitters
30
what is the prognosis of neonatal sepsis?
50-60%
31
what bacteria can cause neonatal sepsis?
gram negative or gram positive E. coli, streptococci, Enterococcus, Actinobacillus, Enterobacter, staphylococci
32
what goals should you aim to achieve with fluid therapy of a septic foal?
improved pulse quality and rate correct clinical signs of dehydration urine output normalize PCV and lactate