Neurology Problem-Based Studies Part I Flashcards
what are the top differential diagnoses for an equine with peripheral vestibular disease?
temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
otitis media-interna
extension of guttural pouch infection
trauma
what is the mentation with central vestibular disease?
depressed
what are some multifocal (central) diseases?
polyneuritis equi
equine herpesvirus
equine protozoal myeeloencephalitis
what is temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
disorder of temporohyoid joint formed by the stylohyoid and petrous temporal bones
progressive osseous proliferation
fusion of temporohyoid joint
stress fracture
what is conservative management of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
steroidal/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
maybe antimicrobials
what are the surgical options for temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
partial stylohyoidectomy
ceratohyoidectomy: standard
what is otitis media/interna?
pyogenic infection of petrous temporal bone or membranous labyrinths
how is otitis media/interna treated?
antimicrobial therapy (usually empirical)
NSAID
rest
what can cause otitis media/interna in camelids?
Arcanobacter (Actinomyces) pyogenes
Staphylococcus spp
Bacillus spp
spinous ear ticks
what are the most common causes of central vestibular disease in camelids?
Listeria
P. tenuis
eastern equine encephalitis/western equine encephalitis
how is listeriosis in camelids treated?
high doses penicillin or ampicillin
tetracycline may carry higher resistance
long-term treatment
supportive care, anti-inflammatories
what does the cerebellum do?
regulator of motor activity
receives input from upper motor neurons, general proprioceptive, and special proprioception
what are the etiologies of equine cerebellar disorders?
cerebellar hypoplasia
transient cerebellar dysfunction
cerebellar abiotrophy
what cranial nerve deficits can be present in central vestibular disease?
V-XII
what cranial nerve deficits can be present in peripheral vestibular disease?
VIII +/- VII
when are GP deficits and postural reaction deficits seen with vestibular disease?
only central: ipsilateral for both
GP if motor or GP systems involved
what are the differentials for central vestibular disease?
multifocal disease
lightning strike
trauma
what are the proposed etiologies of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
chronic inflammation, primary degenerative
repetitive microtrauma- cribbing
infection of middle/inner ear
what is the goal of surgery for temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
reduce load on temporohyoid articulation
decrease pain and prevent fracturee or refracture of petrous-temporal bone
what is the proposed etiology of otitis media/interna?
hematogenous spread
extension from otitis externa and tympanic membrne unlikely
extension of guttural pouch infection unlikely
is central or peripheral vestibular disease more common in camelids?
central
what is listeriosis associated with?
diffuse suppurative meningoencephalitis
what is Listeria moncytogenes?
gram positive
facultative intracellular
what are the clinical signs of equine cerebellar disorders?
cerebellar ataxia
intention tremors
hypermetria and/or spasticity
no paresis if puree cerebellar
what causes cerebellar abiotrophy?
autosomal recessive
arabians most commonly
inherited metabolic defect of cortical cerebellar neurons
how does cerebellar disease cause an absent menace but not blindness?
pathway from visual cortex to facial nucleus passses through cerebellum
