Neurology Problem-Based Studies Part I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the top differential diagnoses for an equine with peripheral vestibular disease?

A

temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
otitis media-interna
extension of guttural pouch infection
trauma

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2
Q

what is the mentation with central vestibular disease?

A

depressed

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3
Q

what are some multifocal (central) diseases?

A

polyneuritis equi
equine herpesvirus
equine protozoal myeeloencephalitis

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4
Q

what is temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

A

disorder of temporohyoid joint formed by the stylohyoid and petrous temporal bones
progressive osseous proliferation
fusion of temporohyoid joint
stress fracture

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5
Q

what is conservative management of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

A

steroidal/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
maybe antimicrobials

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6
Q

what are the surgical options for temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

A

partial stylohyoidectomy
ceratohyoidectomy: standard

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7
Q

what is otitis media/interna?

A

pyogenic infection of petrous temporal bone or membranous labyrinths

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8
Q

how is otitis media/interna treated?

A

antimicrobial therapy (usually empirical)
NSAID
rest

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9
Q

what can cause otitis media/interna in camelids?

A

Arcanobacter (Actinomyces) pyogenes
Staphylococcus spp
Bacillus spp
spinous ear ticks

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10
Q

what are the most common causes of central vestibular disease in camelids?

A

Listeria
P. tenuis
eastern equine encephalitis/western equine encephalitis

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11
Q

how is listeriosis in camelids treated?

A

high doses penicillin or ampicillin
tetracycline may carry higher resistance
long-term treatment
supportive care, anti-inflammatories

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12
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

regulator of motor activity
receives input from upper motor neurons, general proprioceptive, and special proprioception

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13
Q

what are the etiologies of equine cerebellar disorders?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia
transient cerebellar dysfunction
cerebellar abiotrophy

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14
Q

what cranial nerve deficits can be present in central vestibular disease?

A

V-XII

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15
Q

what cranial nerve deficits can be present in peripheral vestibular disease?

A

VIII +/- VII

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16
Q

when are GP deficits and postural reaction deficits seen with vestibular disease?

A

only central: ipsilateral for both
GP if motor or GP systems involved

17
Q

what are the differentials for central vestibular disease?

A

multifocal disease
lightning strike
trauma

18
Q

what are the proposed etiologies of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

A

chronic inflammation, primary degenerative
repetitive microtrauma- cribbing
infection of middle/inner ear

19
Q

what is the goal of surgery for temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

A

reduce load on temporohyoid articulation
decrease pain and prevent fracturee or refracture of petrous-temporal bone

20
Q

what is the proposed etiology of otitis media/interna?

A

hematogenous spread
extension from otitis externa and tympanic membrne unlikely
extension of guttural pouch infection unlikely

21
Q

is central or peripheral vestibular disease more common in camelids?

22
Q

what is listeriosis associated with?

A

diffuse suppurative meningoencephalitis

23
Q

what is Listeria moncytogenes?

A

gram positive
facultative intracellular

24
Q

what are the clinical signs of equine cerebellar disorders?

A

cerebellar ataxia
intention tremors
hypermetria and/or spasticity
no paresis if puree cerebellar

25
what causes cerebellar abiotrophy?
autosomal recessive arabians most commonly inherited metabolic defect of cortical cerebellar neurons
26
how does cerebellar disease cause an absent menace but not blindness?
pathway from visual cortex to facial nucleus passses through cerebellum