Equine Metabolic Syndrome and Hyperlipemia Flashcards
which breeds are predisposed to equine metabolic syndrome?
ponies
morgan horses
paso finos
warmbloods
saddlebreds
arabians
donkeys
which three factors are present in equine metabolic syndrome?
regional adiposity
insulin dysregulation
increased risk for laminitis
what does insulin dysregulation include?
resting hyperinsulinemia
increased insulin response to oral sugars
tissue insulin resistance
what is laminitis?
damage to laminae of the hoof
separation of the dermal-epidermal laminae
displacement of P3
how do we judge risk of laminitis?
divergent hoof rings
expanded white line
episodes of foot soreness or previous laminitis
what endocrine things increase with equine metabolic syndrome?
insulin
triglycerides
leptin
how sensitive is resting glucose and insulin?
low: only abnormal in severe cases
should you fast a horse for measuring resting insulin?
no
no grain, but hay or pasture okay
how can you use diet and exercise to manage equine metabolic syndrome?
decrease calories and sugar
increase exercise
why should you employ slow feeding in equine metabolic syndrome?
manage postprandial hyperinsulinemia
what is levothyroxine for?
to manage obesity if diet and management changes fail
what are SGLT2 inhibitors useful for?
managing hyperinsulinemia
who does hyperlipemia occur in?
at risk animals that enter a negative energy balance
who is at risk for hyperlipemia?
ponies, miniature horses, donkeys
obesity/EMS
pregnant/lactating mares
what is hyperlipemia?
serum triglyceride concentration >500 mg/dL with grossly discolored plasma or serum
often signs of liver disease with guarded prognosis
what is hyperlipidemia?
increase in serum triglyceride concentration (<500 mg/dL) without grossly lactescent blood or fatty infiltration of the liver
what do we do to reverse negative energy balance?
encourage oral intake
intravenous dextrose
insulin
who is at increased risk for equine metabolic syndrome?
breed predisposition
diet/management: obesity
is insulin dysregulation pretty easy to determine?
no- most tricky to determine
what leads to insulin dysregulation?
seasonal adaptation to expect weight loss in winter and weight gain in summer
domestication eradicated winter weight loss: gain weight over time
breed adaptations to harsh wild environments
what do we test in endocrine testing for equine metabolic syndrome?
insulin
triglycerides
leptin
HMW adiponectin
PPID testing
when are resting glucose and insulin abnormal?
severe cases of equine metabolic syndrome
at what levels of insulin in an oral sugar test is it positive for insulin dysregulation?
> 45 microU/ml
65 microU/ml
what are some antidiabetics that can be used to manage hyperinsulinemia?
metformin
SGLT2 inhibitors
what should you remove from the diet of a horse with insulin dysregulation?
high sugar/carbohydrate feeds
what must the exercise be like for insulin dysregulation and previous laminitis?
regular for >30 minutes
fast trotting and canter
soft surface and unridden
only once sound/stable
what is the side effect of levothyroxine?
will eat more and gain weight if not on feed restriction
what does metformin help with?
decreases glucose absorption from gastrointestinal tract
bioavailability too low to impact peripheral insulin sensitivity
what does negative energy balance cause an increase of?
stress hormones
what causes blood non-esterified fatty acids to increase in negative energy balance?
hormone-sensitive lipase activated
triglycerides in adipose hydrolyzed
what is severe hyperlipemia?
> 1000 mg/dL
