Disorders of the Newborn Foal Part II

Question 1

what is a patent urachus?

Answer 1

urachal remnant remains open and urine drains out

Question 2

what is conservative management of patent urachus?

Answer 2

topical cleansing and monitoring for infection
chemical cautery- silver nitrate, procaine penicillin

Question 3

where is the most common site of bladder rupture?

Answer 3

dorsal bladder wall

Question 4

what is seen on bloodwork with bladder rupture?

Answer 4

azotemia
hyperkalemia
hyponatremia
hypochloremia
metabolic acidosis

Question 5

how can you diagnose bladder rupture with abdominocentesis?

Answer 5

creatinine in peritoneal fluid twice that of serum

Question 6

what happens in neonatal isoerythrolysis?

Answer 6

foal red blood cells are destroyed by preformed maternal anti-red blood cell antibodies in colostrum

Question 7

when do signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis develop?

Answer 7

2-5 days of age

Question 8

what can you use for a transfusion of a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis?

Answer 8

universal donor: Aa/Qa negative
mare washed RBC

Question 9

what leads to meconium aspiration?

Answer 9

hypoxia lead to fetal stress which leads to meconium passage and gasping which leads to meconium aspiration

Question 10

what are the most common causes of bacterial pneumonia in older foals?

Answer 10

Strep equi zooepidemicus
Rhodococcus equi

Question 11

how can you treat a meconium impaction?

Answer 11

enema
supportive care
surgery

Question 12

what is the likely cause of foal heat diarrhea?

Answer 12

changes in fecal microbiota

Question 13

what is the drug of choice for contracted tendons?

Answer 13

oxytetracycline

Question 14

what are some neurological congenital abnormalities of foals?

Answer 14

cerebellar abiotrophy
epilepsy

Question 15

where does the umbilical vein come from in the foal?

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

who is at highest risk for a patent urachus?

Answer 16

systemic illness
mat babies

Question 17

can small umbilical hernias close without treatment?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

what are the signs of a bladder rupture?

Answer 18

straining to urinate
depression and weakness
signs of hypovolemia

Question 19

when can abdominocentesis of a uroperitoneum be therapeutic?

Answer 19

control hyperkalemia
reduce pressure on diaphragm

Question 20

how common is neonatal isoerythrolysis?

Answer 20

1-2% of foals

Question 21

what should you do for severely affected foals with neonatal isoerythrolysis (<12%)?

Answer 21

restore oxygen carrying capacity: RBC transfusion
universal donor- Aa/Qa negative- or washed mare RBC

Question 22

why are rib fractures in foals a problem?

Answer 22

can cause pneumothorax or hemothorax

Question 23

what are common respiratory diseases of foals?

Answer 23

meconium aspiration
milk aspiration
rib fractures
bacterial pneumonia
viral infections
parasitic pneumonia

Question 24

how can you diagnose milk aspiration?

Answer 24

auscultation of trachea whilst drinking
endoscopy of pharynx/larynx
thoracic radiographs showing alveolar pattern caudoventral lung

Question 25

what does Rhodococcus equi cause?

Answer 25

most commonly lung abscessess
others sites: joints, uveitis, diarrhea, abdominal abscesses

Question 26

what can cause diarrhea in true neonatess?

Answer 26

necrotizing enterocolitis
asphyxia-associated enteric dysfunction

Question 27

what is rotavirus like?

Answer 27

large groups foals
5-35 days of age
anorexia, depression, acute profuse watery diarrhea

Question 28

how do you treat lax tendons?

Answer 28

usually fix themselves
hoof extensions