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A. Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery > Equine Colic > Flashcards

Equine Colic Flashcards

1
Q

what is colic?

A

non-specific abdominal pain

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2
Q

when should you re-evaluate a plan for surgical intervention?

A

fever
leukopenia
diarrhea

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3
Q

what are the approaches to the abdomen?

A

ventral midline
paramedian
inguinal
ventral paramedian
parainguinal
suprapubic

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4
Q

how good of exposure can be achieved with a ventral midline approach?

A

good exposure 75% of intestinal tract

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5
Q

what should you use for suturing the skin?

A

3-0 monofilament absorbable

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6
Q

what are the benefits of a simple continuous suture?

A

faster to place
equalizes tension
fewer knots

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7
Q

how can you avoid contamination during anesthetic recovery?

A

adhesive barrier dressing
stent

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8
Q

when is the linea alba healed back to full tensile strength?

A

8 weeks

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9
Q

how long does PDS take to absorb?

A

180 days

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10
Q

what can cause gastric distention?

A

anterior enteritis
small intestinal strangulation
small intestinal obstruction
outflow obstruction (rare)

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11
Q

should you go to surgery for a gastric feed impaction?

A

not usually

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12
Q

what is the prognosis of gastric feed impaction?

A

up to 50% mortality

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13
Q

what are the obstructive lesions in the small intestine?

A

ascarid impaction
ileal impaction

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14
Q

what are the physical exam findings with small intestinal strangulating lesions?

A

presence nasogastric reflux
distended small intestine on palpation
distended, amotile small intestine on ultrasound (+/- thickened walls, +/- two populations)

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15
Q

how much of the small intestine can you safely remove?

A

50%
35 feet

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16
Q

which horses usually get strangulating lipomas?

A

older horses
overweight

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17
Q

what are the borders of the epiploic foramen?

A

liver
portal vein
caudal vena cava
pancreas

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18
Q

who usually gets intussusception?

A

<3 years old

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19
Q

who usually gets inguinal hernias?

A

stallions

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20
Q

who usually presents with ascarid impaction?

A

<1 year old

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21
Q

what can happen with the cecum?

A

cecal impaction
cecal torsion
cecal tympany

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22
Q

what is type I cecal impaction like?

A

dry/impacted feed
concurrent large colon displacement/impaction
typhlotomy

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23
Q

what are the obstructive lesions in the large colon?

A

feed impaction
sand impaction
enterolithiasis

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24
Q

what is the medical management for large colon gas colic?

A

banamine
buscopan
walking
withhold food
trocarization?

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25
Q

what can be found on rectal with large colon feed impaction?

A

usually impacted large colon

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26
Q

what is the medical management for large colon feed impaction?

A

banamine
fluids
mineral oil/electrolytes
walking
withhold/restrict food

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27
Q

when should surgery be performed on large colon feed impaction?

A

intractable pain
progressive abdominal distension

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28
Q

what can you access through the pelvic flexure?

A

ventral colon
dorsal colon
transverse colon

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29
Q

where are large colon enteroliths common?

A

california
florida

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30
Q

what can be felt on palpation with large colon enteroliths?

A

normal
gas
impaction of large colon

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31
Q

should you medically manage or go to surgery for large colon enteroliths?

A

go to surgery

32
Q

what can be felt on rectal of large colon displacements?

A

malpositioning of colon
+/- gas distention colon and cecum

33
Q

is medical management or surgery a better option for large colon displacements?

A

usually medical management

34
Q

what can be felt on rectal with large colon volvulus?

A

tight bands
distended colon passing transversely across pelvic inlet

35
Q

what are the strangulating lesions of the small colon?

A

lipoma
volvulus

36
Q

do small colon strangulating lesions have high complication rates?

A

yes

37
Q

what can you feel on rectal with small colon impaction?

A

tubular impaction in small colon

38
Q

how many horses with small colon impactions have salmonella?

A

25%

39
Q

what are rectal tears from?

A

rectal palpation: complication
parturition/dystocia
breeding accident

40
Q

what is a grade I rectal tear?

A

mucosa/submucosa only

41
Q

which grades of rectal tears should be referred to a surgical facility?

A

grade III and IV

42
Q

what can rectal prolapse be secondary to?

A

diarrhea
repeated rectal examinations
small colon obstruction
rectal tears

43
Q

which pathologies of the GI tract can be either medical or surgical?

A

displacements
obstructive
ingesta

44
Q

what are the AAEP standards for euthanasia?

A

horse should not have to endure continuous or unmangageable pain from a condition that is chronic and incurable
horse should not have to endure medical or surgical condition with hopeless chance of survival

45
Q

what is there limited access to through a ventral midline approach?

A

stomach
duodenum
distal ileum
base of cecum
distal right dorsal colon
transverse colon
terminal small colon

46
Q

how long does vicryl take to absorb?

A

60 days
50% at day 21

47
Q

what can cause colic from the stomach?

A

gastric distension
gastric food impaction
gastric ulceration

48
Q

how can you treat gastric feed impaction?

A

IV fluids
gastric lavage
diet coke
no surgery

49
Q

what are the causes of strangulating lesions of the small intestine?

A

lipoma
volvulus
epiploic foramen entrapment
incarceration in mesenteric rent
inguinal hernia
intussusception

50
Q

what are colic signs with small intestinal strangulating lesions?

A

acute and severe

51
Q

what does abdominocentesis yield with small intestinal strangulating lesions?

A

serosanguinous

52
Q

what does treatment of small intestinal strangulating lesions often entail?

A

surgery with resection/anastomosis
no medical management

53
Q

what does a horse with epiploic foramen entrapment often have a history of?

A

cribbing

54
Q

can intussusception be acute or chronic?

A

yes

55
Q

can you have normal abdominocentesis with an intussusception?

A

yes

56
Q

how is the long term prognosis for small intestinal ascarid impaction?

A

poor

57
Q

what are the clinical signs with cecal impaction?

A

insidious onset
small piles small manure balls
distended cecum on palpation

58
Q

how is cecal impaction treated?

A

medical: only for mild
surgery: typhlotomy, +/- cecal bypass

59
Q

what is type II cecal impaction like?

A

soft/fluid contents
motility disorder
cecal bypass

60
Q

how does large colon gas colic present?

A

acute onset mild-marked pain
marked gas distension large colon
pings

61
Q

is large colon gas colic usually treated with surgery or medical management?

A

medical management

62
Q

how does large colon feed impaction present?

A

gradual onset pain- up to moderate
decreased manure output
“normal” after banamine
impacted large colon on rectal

63
Q

where can a large colon feed impaction happen?

A

pelvic flexure
right dorsal colon
transverse colon

64
Q

how does a large colon sand impaction present?

A

chronic/low grade colic signs
decreased manure
impaction on palpation
mineral density on radiographs

65
Q

how can you treat large colon sand impaction?

A

usually medical: banamine, fluids, psyllium, walking, no food
surgery if severe: enterotomy

66
Q

how does a large colon displacement present?

A

acute onset mild-marked
many permutations

67
Q

how can you identify left dorsal displacement for large colon displacement?

A

cannot visualizer kidney adjacent to spleen

68
Q

what does a large colon volvulus present like?

A

acute severe colic, intractable pain
endotoxic
palpation findings
serosanguinous abdominocentesis

69
Q

what does a small colon strangulating lesion present like?

A

acute severe colic signs
serosanguinous abdominocentesis
maybe findings on ultrasound and palpation

70
Q

why is there a high rate of complications with small colon strangulating lesions?

A

fatty mesentery
vascular pattern
dry ingesta
very muscular
small lumen diameter
collagenase producing bacteria

71
Q

what does a small colon impaction present like?

A

gradual onset mild-moderate
decreased manure output
palpate tubular impaction in small colon

72
Q

what might be done in surgery for a small colon impaction?

A

intraluminal lavage

73
Q

what does a small colon enterolithiasis present like?

A

acute onset moderate-marked
no manure
gas distention large and small colon

74
Q

what should you do for small colon enteroliths?

A

surgery

75
Q

what should you do for grades III and IV rectal tears?

A

antibiotics
laxatives
analgesics
tetanus booster
IV fluids
rectal packing
refer to surgery

76
Q

what is a type IV rectal prolapse?

A

rectum and small colon intussuscept through anus

A. Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery (46 decks)

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