Gastrointestinal Disease of the Horse Part I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the primary obstructions that cause choke?

A

foreign bodies
usually roughage
pelleted feed

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2
Q

what are the risk factors for choke?

A

prior esophageal trauma
poor dentition
wolfing or gulping food

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3
Q

when should you give antimicrobials in choke?

A

if risk for aspiration pneumonia is higher: longer duration or more proximal

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4
Q

what is buscopan?

A

anticholinergic spasmolytic agent (smooth muscle relaxant)

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5
Q

what is the breakdown of muscle in the esophagus?

A

cranial 2/3 is skeletal muscle
caudal 1/3 is smooth muscle

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6
Q

what can a double contrast esophageal study help with?

A

esophageal wall abnormalities or ulcerations

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7
Q

what are the sequela of esophageal choke?

A

esophageal erosions
esophageal rupture
aspiration pneumonia
esophageal stricture
esophageal diverticula
megaesophagus

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8
Q

how can recurrent choke be prevented?

A

routine dental management
feed management

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9
Q

why should you look at the mucous membranes and CRT of a horse with colic?

A

determine degree of cardiovascular collapse

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10
Q

what should you normally palpate in a rectal examination?

A

pelvis
bladder
uterus if female
inguinal rings
spleen
caudal left kidney
aorta
iliac arteries
ligament of cecum

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11
Q

how many bands does the cecum have?

A

4
palpate ventral band

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12
Q

where should you perform abdominocentesis?

A

right of midline at most dependent part of ventral abdomen
hand width caudal to xiphoid, hand width lateral to midline

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13
Q

what color should abdominocentesis be?

A

clear yellow

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14
Q

what should thee ratio of abdominal lactate to serum lactate be?

A

<2

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15
Q

what is anterior enteritis also called?

A

duodenitis/proximal jejunitis

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16
Q

how is metoclopramide a prokinetic?

A

enhances release of acetylcholine

17
Q

what does erythromycin do?

A

works on motilin receptors
enhances gastric emptying in normal horses

18
Q

what are the causes of secondary impactions?

A

intramural obstructions: tumors, strictures, diverticula, cysts
mediastinal masses: may cause extramural obstructions

19
Q

what are the risk factors for choke?

A

prior esophageal trauma
poor dentition: main
wolfing or gulping of food

20
Q

for what patients can you use cuffed naso-tracheal intubation?

A

smaller patients: limitations in length of ET tube

21
Q

what can cause secondary impactions?

A

intramural obstructions
mediastinal masses may cause extramural

22
Q

what is buscopan/butylscopolammonium?

A

anticholinergic spasmolytic agent: smooth muscle

23
Q

what is oxytocin/peptide hypothalamic hormone?

A

smooth muscle relaxant at high doses
neuromodulator of centrally mediated proximal esophageal motility?

24
Q

what are the effects of detomidinee/xylazine?

A

inhibitory effects on proximal esophageal motility in vivo
no effect skeletal muscle
pain/anxiety relief, decreased spontaneous swallows

25
how can you manage feed for prevention of recurrent choke?
avoid competition use wet feeds in horses that do not chew well feed smaller quantities frequently ensure water access complete feeds for horses with strictures
26
what should you look for in signalment and history?
age and breed duration of signs fecal output observed degree of pain prior administration of analgesia
27
which gastrointestinal organs can you palpate on rectal examination in which you can feel no bands?
small intestine pelvic flexure: has one but not palpable
28
which gastrointestinal organs have 4 bands?
cecum: palpate ventral band right ventral colon: cannot reach left ventral colon
29
how many bands does the dorsal colon have?
left dorsal: 1 right dorsal: 3, cannot reach
30
what are the common abnormal findings in horses with colic?
abnormal amount free fluid dilation of the stomach visualization of left kidney duodenum other small intestine abnormalities colon abnormalities presence free thoracic fluid
31
what values in abdominocentesis are normal?
clear yellow WBC <5,000/ul total protein <2g/L ratio of abdominal lactate to serum lactate <2
32
what are the clinical signs of anterior enteritis?
moderate to severe abdominal pain- gastric distension moderate to severe gastric reflux dehydration: tachycardia, prolonged CRT may be associated with fever
33
how can you treat anterior enteritis?
gastric decompression- every 2 hours NPO antibiotics? manage endotoxemia motility stimulants intravenous fluids
34
what are the effects of lidocaine?
may suppress primary afferent neurons anti-inflammatory properties direct stimulatory properties on smooth muscle
35
where might the primary sites of action for erythromycin be in horses?
cecum large colon
36
how does neostigmine work?
increases receptor levels of acetylcholine by inhibiting enzyme acetylcholine esterase
37
what does bethanecol/acetylcholine receptor agonist do?
works throughout GI tract improves gastric emptying enhances cecal emptying