Equine Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

what are the clinical signs of pneumonia?

A

fever
tachypnea
nasal discharge
coughing
exercise intolerance

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2
Q

what can be seen on a CBC with fibrinogen with equine pneumonia?

A

neutrophilic leukocytosis +/- left shift
severe/early: neutropenia with toxic left shift
fibrinogen almost always elevated

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3
Q

what is the normal defense system?

A

mucociliary clearance
phagocytic cells
cellular and humoral immune system

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4
Q

what can aspiration be due to?

A

anesthesia
esophageal obstruction/choke
reduced laryngeal function

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5
Q

how do viral diseases impact the respiratory epithelium?

A

enhanced susceptibility to bacterial attachment
diminished mucociliary function
decreased surfactant: type II cells destroyed

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6
Q

how can you treat equine pneumonia?

A

antimicrobials based on culture and sensitivity
anti-inflammatories
anti-endotoxic
consider oxygen if hypoxia- foals

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7
Q

what antibiotics have the lowest relative drug concentration in lung secretions?

A

penicillins

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8
Q

what does most severe bronchopneumonia havee?

A

element of pleural inflammation

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9
Q

what is the pleural fluid like initially with pleuropneumonia?

A

sterile fluid

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10
Q

what should you do when ultrasounding a horse’s chest?

A

look at both sides, full chest
measure amount of fluid
look at mediastinum

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11
Q

should you sample the pleuropneumonia before placing the horse on antibiotics?

A

yes

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12
Q

what should you sample in pleuropneumonia?

A

trachea
pleural fluid
both: different organisms may grow

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13
Q

what is the most important predisposing factor for pleuropneumonia?

A

“shipping fever”: transport

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14
Q

what is required for any shot to return to athletic career in horses with pleuropneumonia?

A

aggressive, early treatment

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15
Q

when is the prognosis poorer with pleuropneumonia?

A

anaerobes
significant fibrin accumulation
hepatized lung
laminitis

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16
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

pulmonary defense mechanisms reduced
bacterial invasion and multiplication
inflammatory cells influx
parenchymal disease
possible extension into pleural space

17
Q

what can be seen on the chemistry profile with pneumonia?

A

high globulins
check creatinine

18
Q

what happens with serum amyloid A in pneumonia?

A

markedly elevated

19
Q

what are the risk factors for pneumonia?

A

cold temperature
transportation
exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
aspiration

20
Q

how does transportation increase the risk of pneumonia?

A

poor ventilation
reduced mucociliary clearance
overcrowding

21
Q

why does it matter that viral diseases denude respiratory epithelium?

A

enhances susceptibility to bacterial attachment
diminishes mucociliary function
decreases surfactant because type II cells destroyed

22
Q

what is the common gram negative anaerobe that causes pneumonia?

A

Prevotella

23
Q

how should you choose antibiotics?

A

broad spectrum
good penetration
consider pharmacokinetics of specific organism you are targeting, as well as what is feasible long term

24
Q

what is the penetration of aminoglycosides in the lungs?

25
what is the penetration of enrofloxacin in the lungs?
70% also accumulates in alveolar macrophages: great
26
what drug should you use for anaerobic infection?
metronidazole also 100% lung penetration
27
what can pleuropneumonia organize into?
pleural abscessation
28
where should you sample for pleuropneumonia?
transtracheal aspirate pleural tap bilaterally
29
how does transport predispose to pneumonia?
depresses alveolar macrophages depresses neutrophil respiratory burst prevents postural drainage with bacterial colonization high exposure to dust particles