Foundation Equine Upper Airway Flashcards

1
Q

where is the greatest flow resistance?

A

nasal passages
larynx

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2
Q

what is airway resistance mainly determined by?

A

airway diameter

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3
Q

what is the pharynx composed of?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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4
Q

what is the havemeyer grading scale for?

A

upper airway function: arytenoid and larynx movement

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5
Q

how common is dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

10-20% of 2-3 year old racehorses

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6
Q

what is the best surgical treatment for dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

correct anatomical abnormalities and tie-forward with partial bilateral resection of sternothyroideus tendon/muscle

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7
Q

what is staphylectomy?

A

partial soft palate resection

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8
Q

what is a standard myectomy?

A

partial transection of sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus

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9
Q

what is the goal of a laryngeal tie-forward?

A

replace action of thyroideus muscle by sutures placed between thyroid cartilage and basihyoid bone

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10
Q

what is the epiglottis entrapped in with epiglottic entrapment?

A

aryepiglottic fold

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11
Q

what are the clinical signs of epiglottic entrapment?

A

exercise intolerance
inspiratory noise

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12
Q

what happens in recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

muscle paralysis from progressive loss of large myelinated axons

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13
Q

what are the clinical signs of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

inspiratory noise
exercise intolerance

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14
Q

what is the most common etiology of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

unknown

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15
Q

which head positions increase inspiratory impedance?

A

flexed head and neck positions

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16
Q

what do muscles extrinsic to the nasopharynx affect?

A

position of basihyoid bone and/or larynx
probably morphology of nasopharynx by changes to oropharynx

17
Q

what are the options for the havemeyer grading scale?

A

grade I
grade II
grade III
grade IV

18
Q

what are the clinical signs of dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

exercise intolerance
expiratory noise
bruising of roof of nasopharynx
open-mouth breathing

19
Q

what is the medical treatment for dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

dexamethasone
topical anti-inflammatory solution
condition if unfit
tack changes to elevate head
figure of 8 nose band or tongue-tie

20
Q

what is an indication for a staphylectomy for dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

granuloma or mass at free edge of soft palate or after tie-forward

21
Q

what is an indication for laser staphylectomy for dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

after tie-forward to permit epiglottis to be repositioned dorsal to soft palate after swallowing

22
Q

what is the goal of a standard myectomy?

A

reduce caudal retraction of larynx

23
Q

what is the epiglottis entrapped in in epiglottic entrapment?

A

aryepiglottic fold

24
Q

what is the post-operative plan for epiglottic entrapment?

A

anti-inflammatories
dexamethasone
topical pharyngeal spray
rest for 4 weeks

25
Q

which muscle abducts the arytenoid?

A

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

26
Q

what does a prosthetic laryngoplasty do?

A

maintains affected arytenoid in open and fixed position
for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

27
Q

what does a ventriculocordectomy do for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

removes cord/saccule of affected side

28
Q

what are the chronic complications of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

persistent coughing
chronic airway contamination/inflammation and infection
suture pullout, progressive loss abduction

29
Q

what is larygneal reinnervation in recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

nerve-implantation into affected cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle