Equine Paranasal Sinuses

Question 1

what is the conchofrontal sinus?

Answer 1

extensive communication between frontal and dorsal conchal sinuses

Question 2

what sinus increases in volume as a horse ages?

Answer 2

maxillary sinus

Question 3

what are the communications of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 3

ventral conchal sinus
middle nasal meatus

Question 4

what does the bulla of the maxillary septum do?

Answer 4

extends dorsally into nasomaxillary opening to create separate openings into the nasal passage of each compartment

Question 5

where are the sphenopalatine sinuses?

Answer 5

ventral to calvarium

Question 6

what do the sphenopalatine sinuses communicate with?

Answer 6

caudal maxillary sinus

Question 7

what is difficult about radiography for sinus disease?

Answer 7

superimposition of complex anatomy

Question 8

what are the indications for sinocentesis?

Answer 8

diagnostic: sample sinuses
therapeutic: lavage

Question 9

what does nasal endoscopy facilitate?

Answer 9

evaluation of source of nasal discharge

Question 10

where can you make a trephination site for sinoscopy?

Answer 10

conchofrontal
caudal maxillary
rostral maxillary

Question 11

what does increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in nuclear scintigraphy indicate?

Answer 11

active bone remodeling

Question 12

what is the gold standard for evaluation of the equine skull?

Answer 12

computed tomography

Question 13

what is the most versatile approach for trephination?

Answer 13

frontal

Question 14

what can you access through trephination through the frontal sinus?

Answer 14

conchofrontal sinus
caudal maxillary sinus
rostral maxillary sinus
ventral conchal sinus

Question 15

who should you avoid trephination through the rostral maxillary sinus in?

Answer 15

horses <6 years of age

Question 16

what are the options for patient restraint with sinusotomy/bone flap?

Answer 16

standing with sedation and local anesthesia: decreased hemorrhage
general anesthesia: decreased movement, but increased hemorrhage

Question 17

what are the complications of a surgical approach?

Answer 17

hemorrhage
bone flap complications
persistent/recurrent sinusitis
surgical site infection
cosmesis

Question 18

what is the most commonly encountered disease of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 18

sinusitis

Question 19

what dental conditions can cause maxillary sinusitis?

Answer 19

anything affecting triadan 108/208, 109/209, 110/210, 111/211
periapical infection
fractured teeth
supernumerary teeth

Question 20

what are paranasal sinus cysts typically filled with?

Answer 20

yellow, viscous fluid
can become infected

Question 21

what is the prognosis of paranasal sinus cysts?

Answer 21

excellent with complete removal

Question 22

what causes ethmoid hematomas?

Answer 22

hemorrhage in submucosa: mucosa stretches and thickens

Question 23

what is the treatment of an ethmoid hematoma?

Answer 23

remove mass
destroy tissue origin

Question 24

what are the communications of the frontal sinus?

Answer 24

caudal maxillary sinus via frontomaxillary opening
dorsal conchal sinus: conchofrontal sinus

Question 25

what does the rostral component of the dorsal conchal sinus contain?

Answer 25

dorsal conchal bulla: air-filled bulla

Question 26

what does the rostral component of the ventral conchal sinus contain?

Answer 26

ventral conchal bulla

Question 27

what are the communications of the ventral conchal sinus?

Answer 27

caudal: rostral maxillary sinus over infraorbital canal

Question 28

where is the middle/ethmoidal conchal sinus located?

Answer 28

greater ethmo-turbinate

Question 29

what divides the maxillary sinus into the rostral and caudal components?

Answer 29

bony septum

Question 30

what tooth roots does the rostral component of the maxillary sinus contain?

Answer 30

1st molar (109/209)

Question 31

what does the rostral components of the maxillary sinus communicate with?

Answer 31

ventral conchal sinus of infraorbital canal middle nasal meatus via nasomaxillary opening

Question 32

what is the technique for sinocentesis?

Answer 32

sedation and local anesthesia minimally invasive trephination

Question 33

what can you examine with nasal endoscopy?

Answer 33

nasal passages nasomaxillary opening ethmoid turbinates

Question 34

where can you access through fenestration of the bulla of the maxillary septum?

Answer 34

rostral maxillary sinus ventral conchal sinus

Question 35

how can you recognize sinus disease with nuclear scintigraphy?

Answer 35

diffuse, patchy that outlines the affected sinuses

Question 36

what does CT guide?

Answer 36

decision making for surgery vs medical management surgical approach

Question 37

what are the landmarks for trephination to the caudal maxillary sinus?

Answer 37

2cm rostral to medial canthus of eye 2cm ventral to medial canthus of eye

Question 38

what is primary sinusitis?

Answer 38

extension of upper respiratory infection to sinus inflammation

Question 39

what is the preferred way to perform a dental extraction?

Answer 39

oral: decreases iatrogenic trauma