Equine Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards
what is the conchofrontal sinus?
extensive communication between frontal and dorsal conchal sinuses
what sinus increases in volume as a horse ages?
maxillary sinus
what are the communications of the maxillary sinus?
ventral conchal sinus
middle nasal meatus
what does the bulla of the maxillary septum do?
extends dorsally into nasomaxillary opening to create separate openings into the nasal passage of each compartment
where are the sphenopalatine sinuses?
ventral to calvarium
what do the sphenopalatine sinuses communicate with?
caudal maxillary sinus
what is difficult about radiography for sinus disease?
superimposition of complex anatomy
what are the indications for sinocentesis?
diagnostic: sample sinuses
therapeutic: lavage
what does nasal endoscopy facilitate?
evaluation of source of nasal discharge
where can you make a trephination site for sinoscopy?
conchofrontal
caudal maxillary
rostral maxillary
what does increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in nuclear scintigraphy indicate?
active bone remodeling
what is the gold standard for evaluation of the equine skull?
computed tomography
what is the most versatile approach for trephination?
frontal
what can you access through trephination through the frontal sinus?
conchofrontal sinus
caudal maxillary sinus
rostral maxillary sinus
ventral conchal sinus
who should you avoid trephination through the rostral maxillary sinus in?
horses <6 years of age
what are the options for patient restraint with sinusotomy/bone flap?
standing with sedation and local anesthesia: decreased hemorrhage
general anesthesia: decreased movement, but increased hemorrhage
what are the complications of a surgical approach?
hemorrhage
bone flap complications
persistent/recurrent sinusitis
surgical site infection
cosmesis
what is the most commonly encountered disease of the paranasal sinuses?
sinusitis
what dental conditions can cause maxillary sinusitis?
anything affecting triadan 108/208, 109/209, 110/210, 111/211
periapical infection
fractured teeth
supernumerary teeth
what are paranasal sinus cysts typically filled with?
yellow, viscous fluid
can become infected
what is the prognosis of paranasal sinus cysts?
excellent with complete removal
what causes ethmoid hematomas?
hemorrhage in submucosa: mucosa stretches and thickens
what is the treatment of an ethmoid hematoma?
remove mass
destroy tissue origin
what are the communications of the frontal sinus?
caudal maxillary sinus via frontomaxillary opening
dorsal conchal sinus: conchofrontal sinus
what does the rostral component of the dorsal conchal sinus contain?
dorsal conchal bulla: air-filled bulla
what does the rostral component of the ventral conchal sinus contain?
ventral conchal bulla
what are the communications of the ventral conchal sinus?
caudal: rostral maxillary sinus over infraorbital canal
where is the middle/ethmoidal conchal sinus located?
greater ethmo-turbinate
what divides the maxillary sinus into the rostral and caudal components?
bony septum
what tooth roots does the rostral component of the maxillary sinus contain?
1st molar (109/209)
what does the rostral components of the maxillary sinus communicate with?
ventral conchal sinus of infraorbital canal
middle nasal meatus via nasomaxillary opening
what is the technique for sinocentesis?
sedation and local anesthesia
minimally invasive
trephination
what can you examine with nasal endoscopy?
nasal passages
nasomaxillary opening
ethmoid turbinates
where can you access through fenestration of the bulla of the maxillary septum?
rostral maxillary sinus
ventral conchal sinus
how can you recognize sinus disease with nuclear scintigraphy?
diffuse, patchy that outlines the affected sinuses
what does CT guide?
decision making for surgery vs medical management
surgical approach
what are the landmarks for trephination to the caudal maxillary sinus?
2cm rostral to medial canthus of eye
2cm ventral to medial canthus of eye
what is primary sinusitis?
extension of upper respiratory infection to sinus inflammation
what is the preferred way to perform a dental extraction?
oral: decreases iatrogenic trauma
