Equine Urogenital Surgery

Question 1

what are the conditions of the bladder?

Answer 1

urolithiasis
neoplasia
bladder prolapse in mares
foals: bladder rupture or patent urachus

Question 2

what are cystoliths?

Answer 2

sphere-shaped stones with speculated or smooth surface

Question 3

who are urolithiasis more common in?

Answer 3

male horses due to urethra diameter

Question 4

what are the common clinical signs of urolithiasis?

Answer 4

hematuria after exercise
stranguria in males
stranguria and incontinence in mares

Question 5

what are the treatment options for geldings with urolithiasis?

Answer 5

perineal urethrotomy
cystotomy

Question 6

what are the complications of urolithiasis surgery?

Answer 6

septic peritonitis
dehiscence of the bladder
incisional infection

Question 7

how can you use diet to manage urolithiasis?

Answer 7

avoid legume hays and calcium containing supplements
add salt to diet to increase water intake

Question 8

when is castration usually performed?

Answer 8

between 1 and 2 years of age

Question 9

how large should the internal inguinal ring be for castration?

Answer 9

two fingers width or less

Question 10

what are the options for castration instruments?

Answer 10

serra emasculator
reimer emasculator
san emasculator
henderson emasculator

Question 11

what can you sedate with for standing castration?

Answer 11

alpha 2 agonists: xylazine, detomidine
+/- butorphanol

Question 12

is it preferred to perform open or closed castration?

Answer 12

closed

Question 13

what should you give for a field castration after?

Answer 13

tetanus booster
antimicrobial therapy
NSAIDs

Question 14

what are the complications of castration?

Answer 14

edema
hemorrhage
omentum prolapse
evisceration
septic funiculitis
continued masculine behavior

Question 15

where is the testicle in inguinal cryptorchidism?

Answer 15

within inguinal canal

Question 16

what are the approaches for abdominal cryptorchidism?

Answer 16

inguinal approach over inguinal ring
para-inguinal approach parallel to inguinal ring
laparoscopy

Question 17

what are cystoliths primarily composed of?

Answer 17

calcium carbonate
+/- phosphate

Question 18

what are type I cystoliths like?

Answer 18

yellow-green speculated
easily fragmented

Question 19

what is sabulous urolithiasis due to?

Answer 19

bladder paralysis

Question 20

how can you diagnose urolithiasis?

Answer 20

rectal examination
endoscopy
ultrasound
urine culture

Question 21

why is a urine culture used in urolithiasis?

Answer 21

to rule in or rule out bladder infection as a cause

Question 22

when should you use ultrasound for castration examination?

Answer 22

if testicles abnormal

Question 23

what is the serra emasculator?

Answer 23

crushing and cutting blade combined

Question 24

what is the sand emasculator?

Answer 24

only crushing

Question 25

what local anesthesia can be used in castration?

Answer 25

subcutaneous line block
intra-parenchymal each testicle
spermatic cord

Question 26

what is scrotal ablation?

Answer 26

skin closures without dead space
scrotum removed

Question 27

when should antimicrobials be given for castration?

Answer 27

once before surgery
more if complications during procedure

Question 28

what should you do if there is an omentum prolapse following castration?

Answer 28

transect as proximally as possible
stall rest 48 hours
close external inguinal ring if continues to prolapse

Question 29

what is required most of the time for septic funiculitis following castration?

Answer 29

surgical removal

Question 30

when does evisceration usually occur following castration?

Answer 30

first 4 hours

Question 31

what is the most common penile neoplasia?

Answer 31

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 32

what is the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma on the penis?

Answer 32

81% at least one year
worse if lymph nodes involved

Question 33

what are the indications for a partial phallectomy?

Answer 33

neoplasia has invaded tunica albuginea
neoplasia extensive
permanent penile paralysis with irreparable penile damage

Question 34

what are the indications for an ovariectomy?

Answer 34

ovarian tumor
ovarian hematoma
large ovarian cysts
abnormal behavior during estrus