Equine Urogenital Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

what are the conditions of the bladder?

A

urolithiasis
neoplasia
bladder prolapse in mares
foals: bladder rupture or patent urachus

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2
Q

what are cystoliths?

A

sphere-shaped stones with speculated or smooth surface

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3
Q

who are urolithiasis more common in?

A

male horses due to urethra diameter

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4
Q

what are the common clinical signs of urolithiasis?

A

hematuria after exercise
stranguria in males
stranguria and incontinence in mares

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5
Q

what are the treatment options for geldings with urolithiasis?

A

perineal urethrotomy
cystotomy

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6
Q

what are the complications of urolithiasis surgery?

A

septic peritonitis
dehiscence of the bladder
incisional infection

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7
Q

how can you use diet to manage urolithiasis?

A

avoid legume hays and calcium containing supplements
add salt to diet to increase water intake

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8
Q

when is castration usually performed?

A

between 1 and 2 years of age

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9
Q

how large should the internal inguinal ring be for castration?

A

two fingers width or less

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10
Q

what are the options for castration instruments?

A

serra emasculator
reimer emasculator
san emasculator
henderson emasculator

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11
Q

what can you sedate with for standing castration?

A

alpha 2 agonists: xylazine, detomidine
+/- butorphanol

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12
Q

is it preferred to perform open or closed castration?

A

closed

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13
Q

what should you give for a field castration after?

A

tetanus booster
antimicrobial therapy
NSAIDs

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14
Q

what are the complications of castration?

A

edema
hemorrhage
omentum prolapse
evisceration
septic funiculitis
continued masculine behavior

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15
Q

where is the testicle in inguinal cryptorchidism?

A

within inguinal canal

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16
Q

what are the approaches for abdominal cryptorchidism?

A

inguinal approach over inguinal ring
para-inguinal approach parallel to inguinal ring
laparoscopy

17
Q

what are cystoliths primarily composed of?

A

calcium carbonate
+/- phosphate

18
Q

what are type I cystoliths like?

A

yellow-green speculated
easily fragmented

19
Q

what is sabulous urolithiasis due to?

A

bladder paralysis

20
Q

how can you diagnose urolithiasis?

A

rectal examination
endoscopy
ultrasound
urine culture

21
Q

why is a urine culture used in urolithiasis?

A

to rule in or rule out bladder infection as a cause

22
Q

when should you use ultrasound for castration examination?

A

if testicles abnormal

23
Q

what is the serra emasculator?

A

crushing and cutting blade combined

24
Q

what is the sand emasculator?

A

only crushing

25
Q

what local anesthesia can be used in castration?

A

subcutaneous line block
intra-parenchymal each testicle
spermatic cord

26
Q

what is scrotal ablation?

A

skin closures without dead space
scrotum removed

27
Q

when should antimicrobials be given for castration?

A

once before surgery
more if complications during procedure

28
Q

what should you do if there is an omentum prolapse following castration?

A

transect as proximally as possible
stall rest 48 hours
close external inguinal ring if continues to prolapse

29
Q

what is required most of the time for septic funiculitis following castration?

A

surgical removal

30
Q

when does evisceration usually occur following castration?

A

first 4 hours

31
Q

what is the most common penile neoplasia?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

32
Q

what is the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma on the penis?

A

81% at least one year
worse if lymph nodes involved

33
Q

what are the indications for a partial phallectomy?

A

neoplasia has invaded tunica albuginea
neoplasia extensive
permanent penile paralysis with irreparable penile damage

34
Q

what are the indications for an ovariectomy?

A

ovarian tumor
ovarian hematoma
large ovarian cysts
abnormal behavior during estrus