Equine Urogenital Surgery Flashcards
what are the conditions of the bladder?
urolithiasis
neoplasia
bladder prolapse in mares
foals: bladder rupture or patent urachus
what are cystoliths?
sphere-shaped stones with speculated or smooth surface
who are urolithiasis more common in?
male horses due to urethra diameter
what are the common clinical signs of urolithiasis?
hematuria after exercise
stranguria in males
stranguria and incontinence in mares
what are the treatment options for geldings with urolithiasis?
perineal urethrotomy
cystotomy
what are the complications of urolithiasis surgery?
septic peritonitis
dehiscence of the bladder
incisional infection
how can you use diet to manage urolithiasis?
avoid legume hays and calcium containing supplements
add salt to diet to increase water intake
when is castration usually performed?
between 1 and 2 years of age
how large should the internal inguinal ring be for castration?
two fingers width or less
what are the options for castration instruments?
serra emasculator
reimer emasculator
san emasculator
henderson emasculator
what can you sedate with for standing castration?
alpha 2 agonists: xylazine, detomidine
+/- butorphanol
is it preferred to perform open or closed castration?
closed
what should you give for a field castration after?
tetanus booster
antimicrobial therapy
NSAIDs
what are the complications of castration?
edema
hemorrhage
omentum prolapse
evisceration
septic funiculitis
continued masculine behavior
where is the testicle in inguinal cryptorchidism?
within inguinal canal
what are the approaches for abdominal cryptorchidism?
inguinal approach over inguinal ring
para-inguinal approach parallel to inguinal ring
laparoscopy
what are cystoliths primarily composed of?
calcium carbonate
+/- phosphate
what are type I cystoliths like?
yellow-green speculated
easily fragmented
what is sabulous urolithiasis due to?
bladder paralysis
how can you diagnose urolithiasis?
rectal examination
endoscopy
ultrasound
urine culture
why is a urine culture used in urolithiasis?
to rule in or rule out bladder infection as a cause
when should you use ultrasound for castration examination?
if testicles abnormal
what is the serra emasculator?
crushing and cutting blade combined
what is the sand emasculator?
only crushing
what local anesthesia can be used in castration?
subcutaneous line block
intra-parenchymal each testicle
spermatic cord
what is scrotal ablation?
skin closures without dead space
scrotum removed
when should antimicrobials be given for castration?
once before surgery
more if complications during procedure
what should you do if there is an omentum prolapse following castration?
transect as proximally as possible
stall rest 48 hours
close external inguinal ring if continues to prolapse
what is required most of the time for septic funiculitis following castration?
surgical removal
when does evisceration usually occur following castration?
first 4 hours
what is the most common penile neoplasia?
squamous cell carcinoma
what is the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma on the penis?
81% at least one year
worse if lymph nodes involved
what are the indications for a partial phallectomy?
neoplasia has invaded tunica albuginea
neoplasia extensive
permanent penile paralysis with irreparable penile damage
what are the indications for an ovariectomy?
ovarian tumor
ovarian hematoma
large ovarian cysts
abnormal behavior during estrus
