Equine Vaccinations Flashcards
what is the ventral border for an intramuscular injection in the neck?
cervical vertebra
what is the dorsal border for an intramuscular injection in the neck?
nuchal ligament
where can you give an intramuscular injection in a horse?
neck
pectoral
semitendinosus and semimembranosus
what are some common adverse vaccine reactions?
local muscle swelling and soreness
transient, self-limiting signs: fever, anorexia, lethargy
what does anaphylaxis look like in a horse?
almost immediate
severe respiratory distress, sudden onset diarrhea, excessive drooling, shock, seizures, coma, death
how can you treat anaphylaxis?
epinephrine 3-5 ml/450kg horse IM
steroids
is rabies a core vaccine?
yes
what type of vaccine is rabies?
killed vaccine
what three diseases are mosquito-borne and are core vaccines?
eastern and western equine encephalitis
west nile virus
when should you boost pregnant mares for eastern and western encephalitis and west nile virus?
4-6 weeks prior to foaling
is Clostridium tetani contagious?
no
when should you vaccinate adults for tetanus?
booster annually
what is the tetanus vaccine?
formalin-inactivated, adjuvanted toxoids
which horses are more at risk for equine herpesvirus?
intermingling horses
broodmares
young horses
can equine herpesvirus go latent?
yes: result in asymptomatic carriers
which form of equine herpesvirus is not on a vaccine label?
neurologic form
how should you vaccinate pregnant mares for equine herpesvirus (rhinopneumonitis)?
vaccinate 5, 7, 9 months gestation using inactivated EHV-1 licensed for prevention of abortion
what causes strangles?
Streptococcus equi subsp equi
which horses are at risk for strangles?
premises with history and intermingling of horses
which horses should you not give modified live strangles vaccine to?
broodmares
if serum antibody titer >1:3200
how fatal is Clostridium botulinum?
80-100%
what are the three routes of Clostridium botulinum?
wound botulism
shaker foal syndrome
forage poisoning
when should pregnant mares be vaccinated for botulism?
4-6 weeks prior to foaling
what causes potomac horse fever?
Neorickettsia risticii
gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria
what type of vaccine is the potomac horse fever vaccine?
killed, adjuvanted vaccine
what are the borders for an intramuscular injection in the neck?
cervical vertebra
cranial edge scapula
nuchal ligament
what should you do if there is an adverse reaction to a vaccine?
treat it
report all adverse reactions to vaccine’s manufacturer
what might make a vaccine core?
endemic
public health concern
required by law
highly infectious
severe or life threatening
all individuals at risk
efficacious and safe
how should you vaccinate for rabies?
annually
foals 4-6 months and booster depending on mare’s vaccine status
what is the prevalence of western equine encephalitis?
few cases in last 20 years but can still be detected in mosquito populations
why is eastern equine encephalitis a core vaccine?
highly virulent
90% mortality
why is west nile virus a core vaccine?
leading cause arbovirus encephalitis in horses and humans USA
mortality rate horses 33% and 40% have long lasting neuro deficits
how often should foals be vaccinated for EEE, WEE, WNV?
4 months
booster 4 weeks later
booster 10-12 months later
if born to unvaccinated mare: start younger, third booster 4-8 weeks after second
what is the vaccine schedule for tetanus?
4 months of age
booster 4 weeks later
booster 10-12 months later
when should you booster an adult horse for tetanus?
at time of surgery or wound if last vaccine more than 6 months ago
pregnant mares 4-6 weeks before foaling
what disease does equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 cause?
both: respiratory disease
EHV-1: abortion in naive mares, sporadic neurologic disease (myeloencephalopathy)
what is the most common infectious respiratory disease of horses?
equine influenza
which vaccines have short-lived immunity?
equine herpesvirus
equine influenza
potomac horse fever
which strangles vaccine has an increased rate of injection site reactions compared to other equine vaccines?
intramuscular killed vaccine
where is botulism most common?
kentucky
ohio
maryland
pennsylvania
california
tennessee
how is botulism vaccine administered (schedule)?
3 doses: every 4 weeks
then annual
what does potomac horse fever cause?
acute enterocolitis
middle trimester abortion
