Equine Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ventral border for an intramuscular injection in the neck?

A

cervical vertebra

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2
Q

what is the dorsal border for an intramuscular injection in the neck?

A

nuchal ligament

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3
Q

where can you give an intramuscular injection in a horse?

A

neck
pectoral
semitendinosus and semimembranosus

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4
Q

what are some common adverse vaccine reactions?

A

local muscle swelling and soreness
transient, self-limiting signs: fever, anorexia, lethargy

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5
Q

what does anaphylaxis look like in a horse?

A

almost immediate
severe respiratory distress, sudden onset diarrhea, excessive drooling, shock, seizures, coma, death

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6
Q

how can you treat anaphylaxis?

A

epinephrine 3-5 ml/450kg horse IM
steroids

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7
Q

is rabies a core vaccine?

A

yes

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8
Q

what type of vaccine is rabies?

A

killed vaccine

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9
Q

what three diseases are mosquito-borne and are core vaccines?

A

eastern and western equine encephalitis
west nile virus

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10
Q

when should you boost pregnant mares for eastern and western encephalitis and west nile virus?

A

4-6 weeks prior to foaling

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11
Q

is Clostridium tetani contagious?

A

no

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12
Q

when should you vaccinate adults for tetanus?

A

booster annually

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13
Q

what is the tetanus vaccine?

A

formalin-inactivated, adjuvanted toxoids

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14
Q

which horses are more at risk for equine herpesvirus?

A

intermingling horses
broodmares
young horses

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15
Q

can equine herpesvirus go latent?

A

yes: result in asymptomatic carriers

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16
Q

which form of equine herpesvirus is not on a vaccine label?

A

neurologic form

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17
Q

how should you vaccinate pregnant mares for equine herpesvirus (rhinopneumonitis)?

A

vaccinate 5, 7, 9 months gestation using inactivated EHV-1 licensed for prevention of abortion

18
Q

what causes strangles?

A

Streptococcus equi subsp equi

19
Q

which horses are at risk for strangles?

A

premises with history and intermingling of horses

20
Q

which horses should you not give modified live strangles vaccine to?

A

broodmares
if serum antibody titer >1:3200

21
Q

how fatal is Clostridium botulinum?

22
Q

what are the three routes of Clostridium botulinum?

A

wound botulism
shaker foal syndrome
forage poisoning

23
Q

when should pregnant mares be vaccinated for botulism?

A

4-6 weeks prior to foaling

24
Q

what causes potomac horse fever?

A

Neorickettsia risticii
gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria

25
what type of vaccine is the potomac horse fever vaccine?
killed, adjuvanted vaccine
26
what are the borders for an intramuscular injection in the neck?
cervical vertebra cranial edge scapula nuchal ligament
27
what should you do if there is an adverse reaction to a vaccine?
treat it report all adverse reactions to vaccine's manufacturer
28
what might make a vaccine core?
endemic public health concern required by law highly infectious severe or life threatening all individuals at risk efficacious and safe
29
how should you vaccinate for rabies?
annually foals 4-6 months and booster depending on mare's vaccine status
30
what is the prevalence of western equine encephalitis?
few cases in last 20 years but can still be detected in mosquito populations
31
why is eastern equine encephalitis a core vaccine?
highly virulent 90% mortality
32
why is west nile virus a core vaccine?
leading cause arbovirus encephalitis in horses and humans USA mortality rate horses 33% and 40% have long lasting neuro deficits
33
how often should foals be vaccinated for EEE, WEE, WNV?
4 months booster 4 weeks later booster 10-12 months later if born to unvaccinated mare: start younger, third booster 4-8 weeks after second
34
what is the vaccine schedule for tetanus?
4 months of age booster 4 weeks later booster 10-12 months later
35
when should you booster an adult horse for tetanus?
at time of surgery or wound if last vaccine more than 6 months ago pregnant mares 4-6 weeks before foaling
36
what disease does equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 cause?
both: respiratory disease EHV-1: abortion in naive mares, sporadic neurologic disease (myeloencephalopathy)
37
what is the most common infectious respiratory disease of horses?
equine influenza
38
which vaccines have short-lived immunity?
equine herpesvirus equine influenza potomac horse fever
39
which strangles vaccine has an increased rate of injection site reactions compared to other equine vaccines?
intramuscular killed vaccine
40
where is botulism most common?
kentucky ohio maryland pennsylvania california tennessee
41
how is botulism vaccine administered (schedule)?
3 doses: every 4 weeks then annual
42
what does potomac horse fever cause?
acute enterocolitis middle trimester abortion