Equine Vaccinations

Question 1

what is the ventral border for an intramuscular injection in the neck?

Answer 1

cervical vertebra

Question 2

what is the dorsal border for an intramuscular injection in the neck?

Answer 2

nuchal ligament

Question 3

where can you give an intramuscular injection in a horse?

Answer 3

neck
pectoral
semitendinosus and semimembranosus

Question 4

what are some common adverse vaccine reactions?

Answer 4

local muscle swelling and soreness
transient, self-limiting signs: fever, anorexia, lethargy

Question 5

what does anaphylaxis look like in a horse?

Answer 5

almost immediate
severe respiratory distress, sudden onset diarrhea, excessive drooling, shock, seizures, coma, death

Question 6

how can you treat anaphylaxis?

Answer 6

epinephrine 3-5 ml/450kg horse IM
steroids

Question 7

is rabies a core vaccine?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

what type of vaccine is rabies?

Answer 8

killed vaccine

Question 9

what three diseases are mosquito-borne and are core vaccines?

Answer 9

eastern and western equine encephalitis
west nile virus

Question 10

when should you boost pregnant mares for eastern and western encephalitis and west nile virus?

Answer 10

4-6 weeks prior to foaling

Question 11

is Clostridium tetani contagious?

Answer 11

no

Question 12

when should you vaccinate adults for tetanus?

Answer 12

booster annually

Question 13

what is the tetanus vaccine?

Answer 13

formalin-inactivated, adjuvanted toxoids

Question 14

which horses are more at risk for equine herpesvirus?

Answer 14

intermingling horses
broodmares
young horses

Question 15

can equine herpesvirus go latent?

Answer 15

yes: result in asymptomatic carriers

Question 16

which form of equine herpesvirus is not on a vaccine label?

Answer 16

neurologic form

Question 17

how should you vaccinate pregnant mares for equine herpesvirus (rhinopneumonitis)?

Answer 17

vaccinate 5, 7, 9 months gestation using inactivated EHV-1 licensed for prevention of abortion

Question 18

what causes strangles?

Answer 18

Streptococcus equi subsp equi

Question 19

which horses are at risk for strangles?

Answer 19

premises with history and intermingling of horses

Question 20

which horses should you not give modified live strangles vaccine to?

Answer 20

broodmares
if serum antibody titer >1:3200

Question 21

how fatal is Clostridium botulinum?

Answer 21

80-100%

Question 22

what are the three routes of Clostridium botulinum?

Answer 22

wound botulism
shaker foal syndrome
forage poisoning

Question 23

when should pregnant mares be vaccinated for botulism?

Answer 23

4-6 weeks prior to foaling

Question 24

what causes potomac horse fever?

Answer 24

Neorickettsia risticii
gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria

Question 25

what type of vaccine is the potomac horse fever vaccine?

Answer 25

killed, adjuvanted vaccine

Question 26

what are the borders for an intramuscular injection in the neck?

Answer 26

cervical vertebra
cranial edge scapula
nuchal ligament

Question 27

what should you do if there is an adverse reaction to a vaccine?

Answer 27

treat it
report all adverse reactions to vaccine’s manufacturer

Question 28

what might make a vaccine core?

Answer 28

endemic
public health concern
required by law
highly infectious
severe or life threatening
all individuals at risk
efficacious and safe

Question 29

how should you vaccinate for rabies?

Answer 29

annually
foals 4-6 months and booster depending on mare’s vaccine status

Question 30

what is the prevalence of western equine encephalitis?

Answer 30

few cases in last 20 years but can still be detected in mosquito populations

Question 31

why is eastern equine encephalitis a core vaccine?

Answer 31

highly virulent
90% mortality

Question 32

why is west nile virus a core vaccine?

Answer 32

leading cause arbovirus encephalitis in horses and humans USA
mortality rate horses 33% and 40% have long lasting neuro deficits

Question 33

how often should foals be vaccinated for EEE, WEE, WNV?

Answer 33

4 months
booster 4 weeks later
booster 10-12 months later
if born to unvaccinated mare: start younger, third booster 4-8 weeks after second

Question 34

what is the vaccine schedule for tetanus?

Answer 34

4 months of age
booster 4 weeks later
booster 10-12 months later

Question 35

when should you booster an adult horse for tetanus?

Answer 35

at time of surgery or wound if last vaccine more than 6 months ago
pregnant mares 4-6 weeks before foaling

Question 36

what disease does equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 cause?

Answer 36

both: respiratory disease
EHV-1: abortion in naive mares, sporadic neurologic disease (myeloencephalopathy)

Question 37

what is the most common infectious respiratory disease of horses?

Answer 37

equine influenza

Question 38

which vaccines have short-lived immunity?

Answer 38

equine herpesvirus
equine influenza
potomac horse fever

Question 39

which strangles vaccine has an increased rate of injection site reactions compared to other equine vaccines?

Answer 39

intramuscular killed vaccine

Question 40

where is botulism most common?

Answer 40

kentucky
ohio
maryland
pennsylvania
california
tennessee

Question 41

how is botulism vaccine administered (schedule)?

Answer 41

3 doses: every 4 weeks
then annual

Question 42

what does potomac horse fever cause?

Answer 42

acute enterocolitis
middle trimester abortion