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A. Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery > Equine Strangles > Flashcards

Equine Strangles Flashcards

1
Q

how quickly do the mandibular/suprapharyngeal lymph nodes drain the tonsils?

A

within hours

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2
Q

what are the clinical signs of Streptococcus equi subsp equi?

A

fever
anorexia
depression
lymphadenopathy
rhinitis
nasal discharge
abscesses

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3
Q

which lymph nodes are impacted by strangles?

A

submandibular
retropharyngeal
parotid
cranial cervical lymph nodes

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4
Q

where can you sample for strangles?

A

nasal swab
nasopharyngeal wash
guttural pouch wash
abscess aspirate

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5
Q

what is the best sample to take for strangles?

A

aspirate of mature abscessed lymph node

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6
Q

is PCR or culture more sensitive?

A

PCR

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7
Q

what does the PCR look for?

A

DNA sequence for SeM (anti-phagocytic M protein)

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8
Q

how many false negatives are there with culture?

A

40%

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9
Q

what is serology looking for?

A

systemic antibody to SeM

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10
Q

what should you not do with a high or very high serology for systemic antibody to SeM?

A

do not vaccinate
suspect purpura hemorrhagica or metastatic

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11
Q

should you use antibiotics for lymph node abscessation?

A

no- now contraindicated

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12
Q

what are the negatives of using penicillin for early clinical signs of strangles?

A

often just returns
no protective immunity

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13
Q

how long does nasal shedding usually last?

A

2-3 weeks
can last years

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14
Q

what does disease severity correlate with?

A

dose and frequency of bacterial challenge
why should isolate cases!

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15
Q

what are the steps of outbreak management?

A

report
test
quarantine
hygiene

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16
Q

is strangles reportable?

A

yes- in most states

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17
Q

what are the most common causes of outbreaks?

A

apparently healthy shedders

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18
Q

should you vaccinate affected animals with strangles?

A

no

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19
Q

what percentage of horses with strangles develop good immunity?

A

75%
limited time: 2 years

20
Q

what is prevention like?

A

very difficult
isolate new horses for 3 weeks
vaccination

21
Q

what are the main problems with the intranasal vaccine?

A

occasional residual virulence
accidental IM abscesses

22
Q

what are the complications of strangles?

A

carrier status
metastatic/bastard strangles
purpura hemorrhagica
myopathy

23
Q

what can you use to diagnose prolonged carriers?

A

endoscopy
pharyngeal wash
not serology

24
Q

what is the mortality rate of metastatic strangles?

A

62%

25
Q

what is purpura hemorrhagica?

A

type III immune: aseptic necrotizing vasculitis

26
Q

what do the virulence factors cause with the immune system?

A

ineffective neutrophil response

27
Q

when does strangles shed?

A

1-2 days after first fever

28
Q

what is the fever like with strangles?

A

high and persistent
tends to resolve when abscesses rupture

29
Q

how long do the abscesses take to rupture?

A

1-4 weeks

30
Q

what do abscesses always do?

A

neutrophilic leukocytosis
hyperfibrinogenemia
serum amyloid A elevated in more acute
hyperglobulinemia
similar response in R. equi

31
Q

how are samples ranked for diagnosis of strangles?

A

aspirate of mature abscessed lymph node > guttural pouch wash > pharyngeal wash > nasal swab

32
Q

is culture considered gold standard for diagnosing strangles?

A

no- 40% false negatives

33
Q

what does a weak positive on serology indicate?

A

very recent or residual or vaccinal exposure

34
Q

does antibiotic treatment increase risk of metastatic strangles?

A

no

35
Q

which horses with strangles should get antibiotics?

A

depressed, anorexic, dyspneic
pregnant mares, foals not nursing: maybe
cranial nerve signs

36
Q

how can you establish horses clear of strangles?

A

nasal swabs: three negatives at 5-7 day intervals
guttural pouch/nasal wash: one negative may be enough
both with PCR

37
Q

what should you do once an animal has strangles on a farm?

A

stop all movement on/off
segregate groups, rectal temps on all twice daily
all horses potentially contagious for at least 6 weeks after secretions dry
do not vaccinate affected animals

38
Q

why might older horses develop mild disease?

A

persistent immunity
can still transmit

39
Q

what do you need to reach with the intranasal vaccine?

A

pharyngeal and lingual tonsils

40
Q

how long can an animal be positive on nasal wash for strangles after vaccination?

A

6 weeks

41
Q

what percentage of animals become prolonged carriers of strangles?

A

10%

42
Q

what is in the guttural pouch of carriers?

A

empyema
chondroids

43
Q

what can you give to aid in treatment of empyema in prolonged carriage?

A

20% acetylcysteine

44
Q

how likely is metastatic strangles to occur?

A

2-20% of cases

45
Q

how can you treat metastatic strangles?

A

prolonged antibiotics- 2.5 months
some surgical

46
Q

how can you prevent purpura hemorrhagica?

A

do not vaccinate for 1-2 years after natural infection or if high titers
happens 2-4 weeks after other respiratory infections too

A. Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery (46 decks)

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