Camelid Production, Medicine, and Surgery Flashcards
do camelids or ruminants have slower gastrointestinal transit time?
camelids
when does a camelid grumble?
when a feeding animal is approached too closely by another
when do camelids screech?
usually when males fight
what is the normal position of a camelid tail?
tail down flush with rump
what is the most common offensive behavior of camelids?
spitting
what is the normal temperature of llamas/alpacas?
99.5-102
what is the normal heart rate range for llamas/alpacas?
60-90 beats/minute
where can you perform cardiac auscultation?
left 3-5 intercostal space
where can you listen to the C1 compartment of the stomach?
left side
cranial to stifle on fiber-free abdominal area
where is a microchip in an alpaca/llama?
base of left ear
which side should you place an IV catheter in a camelid in?
right side to avoid esophagus
what is the most important core vaccine for camelids?
Clostridium perfringens types C and D
Clostridium tetani
what are the elective vaccinations in camelids?
rabies
west nile virus
leptospira
equine herpesvirus and influenza
E. coli
when do fighting teeth erupt?
18-24 months
what should you trim when trimming nails?
trim ends like a dog
trim ventral nail horizontal to pads
when is continuous growth possible in incisors?
if not flush with dental pad
what is Mycoplasma haemolamae?
small bacteria that lack cell walls
cause anemia
how does Mycoplasma haemolamae cause anemia?
likely immune mediated process in response to attachment and deformation of red blood cells
is Mycoplasma haemolamae found in healthy animals?
yes: immune-suppressed, debilitated, or stressed animals are sick
how can Mycoplasma haemolamae be treated?
oxytetracycline: three dose options:
noromycin
LA 200
what worm can cause anemia in camelids?
Haemonchus contortus
can camelids get red maple leaf toxicity?
yes
how many animals in a herd should you test for parasites?
if <10 animals, test them all
10% if >10 animals
what are benzimidazoles useful against?
trichuris
nematodirus
monezia
what is the dose of antiparasitics for camelids?
1.5-2x the cattle or sheep dosage
where are skin lesions likely with Sarcoptic mange?
between toes
medial thighs
ventral abdomen
chest
perineum of female
prepuce of male
what does Chorioptic mange do?
feed on skin debris around anus to vulva, on tips of ears, between digits
mostly subclinical
what is Anaplasma phagocytophila?
tick borne obligate intracellular parasite
what does Eimeria macusaniensis do?
devastates small intestine and ileum
who is usually impacted by Eimeria macusaniensis?
stressed adults or crias
traveling- stressed
immunosuppressed, naive, concurrent disease, overwhelming infection
what clinical signs can be seen with acute disease from Eimeria macusaniensis?
obtunded
recumbent
tachycardia
hypothermia
anorexic
colic
diarrhea
death
what are the causes of death with Eimeria macusaniensis?
sepsis
hepatic lipidosis
seizures
cachexia
what are some categories for mandibular swelling?
trauma
infectious
neoplastic
other
why does a camelid snort?
mild aggression
why is the safest place to stand while handling by the shoulder?
they can cow kick for offensive behavior
what is the normal respiratory rate?
10-30 breathes/min
what is the ideal body condition score?
2.5-3.5
what is normal to hear on cardiac auscultation?
sinus arrhythmia
3rd heart sounds
what is normal gastric motility?
3-5/minute
what are C1 sounds associated with?
gas/liquid churning
where can you best hear flow through C3 (abomasum)?
right ventral midline
how is a catheter placed?
break through skin with 14 ga needle or stab incision
place 16 ga catheter in same hole, advance only when animal quiet, can use extension with flush
when are they vaccinated for clostridium CD/T?
if unvaccinated hembras: 2-3 days, 2-3 weeks
hembras: vaccinate while pregnant: 8 weeks and booster
annual: pre-breeding or 2 months prior to birthing
when are they vaccinated for clostridium 7 or 8 way?
weaning: 4-6 months
yearlings: 12 months
pre-breeding: 18-24 months
pre-breeding or 2 months prior to birthing
how many fighting teeth do they have?
6
when should you start trimming fighting teeth?
3 years old
how should you trim incisors?
to level of dental pad
with rotary cutting tool or gigli wire
what can cause anemia?
iron deficiency
Mycoplasma haemolama
heinz body anemia
Haemonchus contortus
neoplasia/myelodysplastic syndromes
unexplained or chronic inflammation
what is normal PCV?
25-45%
what does anemia due to iron deficiency look like?
microcytic
hypochromic
serum iron low
how often should a fecal exam be performed?
quarterly
centrifugation
are macrocyclic lactones as effective as benzimidazoles?
no
what can you not give for deworming if <45 days pregnant?
albendazole
what can you treat sarcoptic mange with?
dectomax
topical amitraz
what are the two presentations of Eimeria macusaniensis?
acute
chronic
how can Eimeria macusaniensis be diagnosed?
fecal float and wet mount
surgical biopsy
labwork nonspecific
how can Eimeria macusaniensis be prevented?
pasture cleanliness
isolation pen for show animals and outside breeders
fecal surveillance
keep crias from mature adults
which teeth are most affected by tooth root abscesses?
premolars
molars
what are the common surgeries and diagnostic procedures?
castration
abdominocentesis
cerebrospinal fluid tap
when is castration performed?
18-24 months, after reached skeletal height maturity
why is castration at an early age not recommended?
delays closure of long-bone physes
what should you give for pain control after castration?
flunixin meglumine
meolxicam
where is abdominocentesis performed?
right side of abdomen
