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A. Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery > Anemia, Blood Loss, Hemolysis > Flashcards

Anemia, Blood Loss, Hemolysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is anemia?

A

decrease in circulating red cell mass

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2
Q

how can you recognize anemia due to hemolysis?

A

low PCV
normal protein

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3
Q

how can you recognize blood loss?

A

low PCV
low protein

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4
Q

what factors should you consider when a horse presents with anemia?

A

sex
hydration status
excitement
age
breed

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5
Q

what type of heart murmur might be present with anemia?

A

usually systolic

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6
Q

what do we evaluate for anemia?

A

HCT/PCV and total solids
hemoglobin concentration
red blood cell count
blood smear
red blood cell indices
bone marrow (chronic/long term anemia)

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7
Q

what do we look at in horses to see if anemia is regenerative?

A

increased percentage of macrocytes
not reticulocytes

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8
Q

what is the circulating volume of blood?

A

approximately 8% of body weight

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9
Q

how much can horses increase their PCV by contracting their spleen?

A

acutely double their PCV

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10
Q

how long does it take for the PCV and total solids to drop after acute blood loss?

A

8-24 hours

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11
Q

what are some causes of blood loss that loses blood outside of the body?

A

trauma
epistaxis
hematuria
gastrointestinal bleeding

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12
Q

what is the positive of bleeding inside the body?

A

the blood may have a chance of being recovered by the body
increase PCV’s faster

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13
Q

what are the causes of gastrointestinal hemorrhage?

A

ulcerations
NSAID toxicity
parasites
granulomatous intestinal diseases
neoplasia
coagulopathy

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14
Q

how does hypertonic saline help with restoring blood volume?

A

high oncotic pressure will cause rapid expansion of blood volume

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15
Q

why might high volumes of crystalloids be a problem with restoring blood volume?

A

may lead to dilution of clotting factors

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16
Q

is blood the fluid of choice for rapid resuscitation?

A

no

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17
Q

when should you give a blood transfusion in chronic blood loss?

A

elevated lactate
persistent hypotension
PCV <12%

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18
Q

how much blood can you safely take from a 450kg donor?

A

6-8 liters

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19
Q

what horses are ideal donors for nonmatched?

A

gelding
mare that has never been pregnant

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20
Q

what do antifibrinolytic lysine analogs do?

A

prevent clot breakdown

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21
Q

how can you recognize intravascular hemolysis?

A

hemoglobinuria
hemoglobinemia

22
Q

what infectious diseases can cause hemolysis?

A

piroplasmosis
equine infectious anemia

23
Q

what is oxidant induced damage characterized by?

A

heinz body formation
hemolytic anemia
methemoglobinemia

24
Q

how can you differentiate intravascular hemolysis from extravascular hemolysis with hemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin high in intravascular hemolysis
hemoglobin low in extravascular hemolysis

25
Q

is hemoglobin low or high in lack of production anemia?

A

low

26
Q

what is hemoglobin in reference to hematocrit?

A

1/3 of hematocrit
higher in intravascular hemolysis

27
Q

what does nonregenerative anemia result from?

A

abnormal bone marrow erythropoiesis

28
Q

how much can an animal bleed and still have a chance of survival?

A

33% of circulating blood volume

29
Q

where is there the most vasoconstriction in compensatory mechanisms for decreased blood volume?

A

splanchnic
cutaneous
skeletal tissue beds

30
Q

why might PCV not be abnormal immediately (up to 8-24 hours) after acute blood loss?

A

splenic contraction

31
Q

what are some blood loss causes from inside the body?

A

trauma
mesenteric vessel rupture
verminous arteritis
uterine artery rupture
abdominal abscess
neoplasia
coagulopathy

32
Q

what can cause hematuria?

A

neoplasia
pyelonephritis
urolithiasis
trauma
coagulopathy

33
Q

what can cause GI hemorrhage?

A

ulcerations
NSAID toxicity
parasites
granulomatous intestinal diseases
neoplasia
coagulopathy

34
Q

is it okay to give hypertonic saline if the bleeding is not controlled?

A

no- deleterious

35
Q

what is the dose of hypertonic saline?

A

4-6 ml/kg

36
Q

what are the natural colloids?

A

blood
plasma

37
Q

what are thee advantages of colloids?

A

plasma volume expanders
increase cardiac output

38
Q

what does giving blood help with?

A

restores oxygen-carrying capacity, clotting proteins, and oncotic pressure

39
Q

what is a major cross match?

A

donor red blood cells
recipient plasma

40
Q

what is a minor cross match?

A

donor plasma
recipient red blood cells

41
Q

when should you give a blood transfusion for chronic blood loss?

A

elevated lactate
persistent hypotension
PCV <12%

42
Q

when should you give a blood transfusion for acute severe hemorrhage?

A

PCV <20%

43
Q

what should you collect blood into for a blood transfusion?

A

acid-citrate-dextrose

44
Q

how much of the calculated blood loss should you administer?

A

30-40%

45
Q

what types of hypersensitivity can be seen with transfusions?

A

1, 2, 4

46
Q

what can you give naloxone for?

A

decrease cardiovascular derangements

47
Q

what infectious diseases can cause hemolysis?

A

piroplasmosis
equine infectious anemia

48
Q

what can cause oxidant induced damage hemolysis?

A

red maple
onion
phenothiazine

49
Q

what can be seen on a chem with IMHA?

A

increased total and indirect bilirubin

50
Q

why should you monitor the feet of horses with oxidant-induced hemolysis?

A

laminitis

A. Equine and Camelid Medicine and Surgery (56 decks)

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