Gastrointestinal Disease of the Horse Part III Flashcards
what is colitis?
inflammatory condition involving the large colon
disruption of normal fluid and electrolyte secretion and absorption
what is the most prominent sign of colitis?
diarrhea
what are the risk factors for salmonella?
antimicrobial administration
gastrointestinal disease
transportation
high density confinement
high intensity training
what are the clinical signs of salmonella?
fever
lethargy
diarrhea
abdominal discomfort
what is the treatment of salmonella?
mostly supportive
antibiotics if evidence of sepsis
when are clinical signs usually seen with coronavirus?
2-8 days after infection
how long may horses with coronavirus continue to shed virus?
several weeks
what causes potomac horse fever?
Neorickettsia risticii
what is potomac horse fever carried by?
aquatic snails
water insects
what percentage of horses with potomac horse fever get laminitis?
25%
how is Clostridium difficile treated?
metronidazole
fecal microbiota transplantation
what can blister beetles be incorporated into?
baled alfalfa hay
what is the pathogenesis of right dorsal colitis?
unknown
inhibition of prostaglandin E production
hypoxic ischemic mucosal damage
what is the drug of choice for potomac horse fever?
oxytetracycline
disruption of the microbial balance of the gut for any reason may result in colitis due to ____________________
colonic dysbiosis
when does foal heat diarrhea often occur?
10 days of age
what are affected foals with foal heat diarrhea like?
BAR
afebrile
continue to nurse
what is the pathogenesis of foal heat diarrhea?
alterations in foal’s intestinal microbial flora
diet changes as foal begins to eat hay and grain
not associated with hormonal changes in mare or changes to milk
in which foals does rotavirus cause disease?
<4 weeks of age
how is Strongyloidess westeri shed to a foal?
through mare’s milk to foal
are systemic antibiotics indicated in foals with acute colitis?
often: treat bacteremia
what does Lawsonia intracellularis cause?
proliferative enteritis
most common in ileum
what is the predominant sign of eosinophilic enterocolitis?
colic
how can you diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?
ultrasound examination
endoscopic/rectal biopsies
absorption test
what is the most common gastrointestinal neoplasm?
lymphoma
has lymphoma been associated with viral etiology in horses?
no
what are the potential complications of colitis?
laminitis
multi-organ dysfunction, coagulopathy
peripheral edema
what is incidence like of salmonella in non-hospital settings?
low
how can you diagnose salmonella?
5 separate cultures of feces for salmonella
PCR, 3 samples
what are the clinical signs of coronavirus?
anorexia, lethargy, high fever most common
colic, diarrhea
necrotizing enteritis possible
what are the risk factors for potomac horse fever?
aquatic environments
summer months
what carries potomac horse fever?
aquatic snails
water insects
what are the clinical signs of potomac horse fever?
fever
anorexia
depression
diarrhea
laminitis 25%
is there vaccine available for potomac horse fever?
yes- killed
what is Clostridium difficile associated with?
acute colitis, especially in hospitalized horses
relationship to antibiotic treatment
how can you diagnose Clostridium difficile?
quantitative culture
PCR toxigenic isolates in feces
ELISA for toxin A and/or B
what is the lethal dose of cantharidin?
<1mg/kg
6-8 beetles
what does cantharidin cause?
ulceration of GI, cystitis, nephrosis, myocarditis
hypovolemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, azotemia
do measures levels of cantharidin correlate with disease severity?
no
what is right dorsal colitis associated with?
NSAID administration
phenylbutazone
how can you counteract the effects of endotoxemia?
anti-endotoxic doses banamine, polymixin, endoserum
anti-diarrheal medication
prevent sequelae/complications
what types of Clostridium usually do not cause clinical signs in foals?
Clostridium perfringens types A and C
what does rotavirus do?
destroys absorptivee villous epithelial cells: malabsorption
secretory function due to hyperplasia crypt cells- compensatory
how common is Cryptosporidium parvum in horses?
rare
immune deficiency
how can you treat acute colitis in foals?
systemic antibiotics
fecal microbiota transplantation
lactaid in lactase deficiency
goal directed fluid therapy
vasopressors if needed
who is Lawsonia intracellularis usually seen in?
weanlings
what are the clinical signs of Lawsonia intracellularis?
significant hypoproteinemia
anorexia
weight loss
lethargy
fever
how can you treat Lawsonia intracellularis?
clarithromycin and rifampin
doxycycline
chloramphenicol
what are the three types of inflammatory bowel disease?
granulomatous enteritis
lymphocytic/plasmocytic enteritis
eosinophilic enterocolitis
what is the predominant sign in IBD eosinophilic enterocolitis?
colic
what is seen in histopathology with IBD eosinophilic enterocolitis?
circumferential mural bands of fibrous tissue
when is the prognosis poor with inflammatory bowel disease?
if not responsive to glucocorticoids
who does lymphoma typically occur in?
<5 years old
what is survival with lymphoma?
<6months even with treatment usually
