Gastrointestinal Disease of the Horse Part III

Question 1

what is colitis?

Answer 1

inflammatory condition involving the large colon
disruption of normal fluid and electrolyte secretion and absorption

Question 2

what is the most prominent sign of colitis?

Answer 2

diarrhea

Question 3

what are the risk factors for salmonella?

Answer 3

antimicrobial administration
gastrointestinal disease
transportation
high density confinement
high intensity training

Question 4

what are the clinical signs of salmonella?

Answer 4

fever
lethargy
diarrhea
abdominal discomfort

Question 5

what is the treatment of salmonella?

Answer 5

mostly supportive
antibiotics if evidence of sepsis

Question 6

when are clinical signs usually seen with coronavirus?

Answer 6

2-8 days after infection

Question 7

how long may horses with coronavirus continue to shed virus?

Answer 7

several weeks

Question 8

what causes potomac horse fever?

Answer 8

Neorickettsia risticii

Question 9

what is potomac horse fever carried by?

Answer 9

aquatic snails
water insects

Question 10

what percentage of horses with potomac horse fever get laminitis?

Answer 10

25%

Question 11

how is Clostridium difficile treated?

Answer 11

metronidazole
fecal microbiota transplantation

Question 12

what can blister beetles be incorporated into?

Answer 12

baled alfalfa hay

Question 13

what is the pathogenesis of right dorsal colitis?

Answer 13

unknown
inhibition of prostaglandin E production
hypoxic ischemic mucosal damage

Question 14

what is the drug of choice for potomac horse fever?

Answer 14

oxytetracycline

Question 15

disruption of the microbial balance of the gut for any reason may result in colitis due to ____________________

Answer 15

colonic dysbiosis

Question 16

when does foal heat diarrhea often occur?

Answer 16

10 days of age

Question 17

what are affected foals with foal heat diarrhea like?

Answer 17

BAR
afebrile
continue to nurse

Question 18

what is the pathogenesis of foal heat diarrhea?

Answer 18

alterations in foal’s intestinal microbial flora
diet changes as foal begins to eat hay and grain
not associated with hormonal changes in mare or changes to milk

Question 19

in which foals does rotavirus cause disease?

Answer 19

<4 weeks of age

Question 20

how is Strongyloidess westeri shed to a foal?

Answer 20

through mare’s milk to foal

Question 21

are systemic antibiotics indicated in foals with acute colitis?

Answer 21

often: treat bacteremia

Question 22

what does Lawsonia intracellularis cause?

Answer 22

proliferative enteritis
most common in ileum

Question 23

what is the predominant sign of eosinophilic enterocolitis?

Answer 23

colic

Question 24

how can you diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 24

ultrasound examination
endoscopic/rectal biopsies
absorption test

Question 25

what is the most common gastrointestinal neoplasm?

Answer 25

lymphoma

Question 26

has lymphoma been associated with viral etiology in horses?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

what are the potential complications of colitis?

Answer 27

laminitis multi-organ dysfunction, coagulopathy peripheral edema

Question 28

what is incidence like of salmonella in non-hospital settings?

Answer 28

low

Question 29

how can you diagnose salmonella?

Answer 29

5 separate cultures of feces for salmonella PCR, 3 samples

Question 30

what are the clinical signs of coronavirus?

Answer 30

anorexia, lethargy, high fever most common colic, diarrhea necrotizing enteritis possible

Question 31

what are the risk factors for potomac horse fever?

Answer 31

aquatic environments summer months

Question 32

what carries potomac horse fever?

Answer 32

aquatic snails water insects

Question 33

what are the clinical signs of potomac horse fever?

Answer 33

fever anorexia depression diarrhea laminitis 25%

Question 34

is there vaccine available for potomac horse fever?

Answer 34

yes- killed

Question 35

what is Clostridium difficile associated with?

Answer 35

acute colitis, especially in hospitalized horses relationship to antibiotic treatment

Question 36

how can you diagnose Clostridium difficile?

Answer 36

quantitative culture PCR toxigenic isolates in feces ELISA for toxin A and/or B

Question 37

what is the lethal dose of cantharidin?

Answer 37

<1mg/kg 6-8 beetles

Question 38

what does cantharidin cause?

Answer 38

ulceration of GI, cystitis, nephrosis, myocarditis hypovolemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, azotemia

Question 39

do measures levels of cantharidin correlate with disease severity?

Answer 39

no

Question 40

what is right dorsal colitis associated with?

Answer 40

NSAID administration phenylbutazone

Question 41

how can you counteract the effects of endotoxemia?

Answer 41

anti-endotoxic doses banamine, polymixin, endoserum anti-diarrheal medication prevent sequelae/complications

Question 42

what types of Clostridium usually do not cause clinical signs in foals?

Answer 42

Clostridium perfringens types A and C

Question 43

what does rotavirus do?

Answer 43

destroys absorptivee villous epithelial cells: malabsorption secretory function due to hyperplasia crypt cells- compensatory

Question 44

how common is Cryptosporidium parvum in horses?

Answer 44

rare immune deficiency

Question 45

how can you treat acute colitis in foals?

Answer 45

systemic antibiotics fecal microbiota transplantation lactaid in lactase deficiency goal directed fluid therapy vasopressors if needed

Question 46

who is Lawsonia intracellularis usually seen in?

Answer 46

weanlings

Question 47

what are the clinical signs of Lawsonia intracellularis?

Answer 47

significant hypoproteinemia anorexia weight loss lethargy fever

Question 48

how can you treat Lawsonia intracellularis?

Answer 48

clarithromycin and rifampin doxycycline chloramphenicol

Question 49

what are the three types of inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 49

granulomatous enteritis lymphocytic/plasmocytic enteritis eosinophilic enterocolitis

Question 50

what is the predominant sign in IBD eosinophilic enterocolitis?

Answer 50

colic

Question 51

what is seen in histopathology with IBD eosinophilic enterocolitis?

Answer 51

circumferential mural bands of fibrous tissue

Question 52

when is the prognosis poor with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 52

if not responsive to glucocorticoids

Question 53

who does lymphoma typically occur in?

Answer 53

<5 years old

Question 54

what is survival with lymphoma?

Answer 54

<6months even with treatment usually