Physiology week 3 - muscles

Question 1

List the three types of muscle in vertebrates.

Answer 1

striated,
cardiac, and
smooth muscle.

Question 2

Describe, in detail, the structure of skeletal muscle

Question 3

Outline the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

Question 4

Describe the events which initiate a skeletal muscle contraction.

Question 5

Outline the sources of energy for muscle contraction

Answer 5

Ca2+

Question 6

Describe what is meant by muscle fatigue

Question 7

Outline the classification of the 3 skeletal muscle fibres

Answer 7

1. Slow twitch: oxidative (red fibres, type I)
2. Fast twitch: oxidative (red fibres, type IIA)
3. Fast twitch: glycolytic (white fibres, type IIB)

Question 8

Explain the concepts of summation and tetanus in relation to the contraction of skeletal muscle.

Question 9

Briefly discuss the mechanics of body movement

Question 10

Briefly describe the structure and function of smooth muscle.

Question 11

Briefly describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle.

Question 12

Differentiate between smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue

Question 13

What is secretory epithelial tissue? Name the types and functions

Question 14

Name four cell adhesion molecules

Question 15

Name different types of transport mechanisms

Answer 15

Osmosis
Active transport
Passive transport

Question 16

Define the terms active and passive transport. Explain the types of active and passive membrane transport systems.

Question 17

Define the terms osmolarity, molarity and tonicity

Question 18

Name different types of primary and secondary active transporters

Question 19

What is a signal pathway, and what five steps are there in this pathway?

Question 20

Describe Fast twitch muscle fibres:

Answer 20

• Fast contraction
• Sarcoplasmic reticculum uptake of Ca++ faster
• ATP splits faster
• Fatigues easily
• Anaerobic
• Used intermittently at high forces (sprinting)

Question 21

Describe oxidative fast twitch type IIA

Answer 21

• Intermediate speed
• Uses both anaerobin & aerobic glycolysis

Question 22

Describe slow Twitch Type I attributes

Answer 22

• Aerobic glycolysis
• More mitochondria
• More capilaries
  Higher O2 storage
• Less fatigue
• Endurance related