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Brain Anatomy > NEUR533 - Language > Flashcards

NEUR533 - Language Flashcards

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1
Q

LEARNING OUTCOMES

A
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2
Q

How many muscles is estimated to control sound and speech?

A

100 - controlled by motor cortex

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3
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Fundamental sounds of a language

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4
Q

What is a core gene related to speech and language?

A

FOXP2
Single utations affect development of motor cortex, cerebellm and striatum

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5
Q

What are 3 specific genes with mutations that specifically cause language impairment?

A

FOXP2, CNTNAP2 (e.g. cant nap lol), KIAA0319

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6
Q

Does dyslexia have a strong genetic link?

A

yes

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7
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Patial/complete loss of language abilities following brain damage

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8
Q

Where is broca’s area located?

A

dominant left frontal lobe region

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9
Q

What is broca’s area associated with?

A

speech articulation

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10
Q

Where is wernicke’s area?

A

Superior surface of temporal lobe,
between auditory cortex and angular gyrus

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11
Q

What do lesions of Wernicke’s area cause?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia
- Fluent speech (unlike brocas)
- Impaired comprehension
- Jargon
- Inability to produce MEANINGFUL SPEECH

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12
Q

How could you describe broca’s aphasia?

A

Speech is nonfluent and agrammatical
- Difficulty speaking
- Can understand heard/read language

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13
Q

What causes Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

posterior temporal lobe damage

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14
Q

Describe Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • Fluent in speech but cannot comprehend
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15
Q

REVIEW - WERNICKE- GESCHWIND MODEL

A
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16
Q

What are 4 key areas associated in the Wernicke-Geschwind model?

A
  • Brocas area
  • Wernickes area
  • Arcuate fasciculus
  • Angular gyrus
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17
Q

REVIEW - PARALLEL LANGUAGE PATHWAYS

A
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18
Q

How many streams does the parallel language pathway have?

A

3

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19
Q

What areas does the parallel language pathway comprise?

A
  • Brocas area
  • Auditory cortex
  • Wernickes area
  • Motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
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20
Q

What causes conduction aphasia?

A

disconnection between the arcuate fasciculus (AF) and parietal cortex (PC)

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21
Q

How does conduction aphasia differ from brocas aphasia and wernickes aphasia?

A
  • Comprehension and speech are both good and fluent
  • Cannot remember words
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22
Q

What does conduction aphasia cause?

A

Difficulty repeating words

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G94TvTvjeeU

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23
Q

What did Roger Sperry’s testing in the 1950’s result in after doing split-brain procedures?

A

Animals behaved as if they had two brains

24
Q

Split-brain gazzaniga experiment

A
25
Q

What hemisphere is regarded for language dominance?

A

left

26
Q

left hemisphere language dominance TO NOTE

A
27
Q

What are the key language functions of the right hemisphere?

A
  • Can and understand numbers
  • Letters
  • Short words
  • NOT VERBAL RESPONSE
28
Q

What’s the percentage of right handed people?

A

90%

29
Q

Left _____ _____ is longer and less steep than the right hemisphere
Left planum temporal larger than right in ___ of cases

A

sylvian fissure
65%

30
Q

REVIEW PARTS OF THE INSULAR

A
31
Q

How do we study language in brain imaging?

A

fMRI and PET scans
Post mortem

32
Q

PET imaging of sensation and speech

A

SUMMARY

33
Q

Human vocal tract

A
34
Q

What is the anatomical name for the voice box?

A

Larynx and within it has vocal folds and vocal cords

35
Q

What’s the space in between the vocal folds?

A

glottis

36
Q

Brain activity in a 3-month-old infant listening to speech.

A
37
Q

What brain areas of the KE verbal dyspraxia family have abnormalities in?

A
  • Motor cortex
  • Cerebellum
  • Striatum
  • Muscular control of face - potential genetic mutations FOXP2
38
Q

What is the FOXP2 responsible for?

A

a transcription factor responsible for turning other genes on and off

39
Q

What does CNTNAP2 do?

A
  • codes a neurexin protein; (synaptic adhesion molecules)
    like a bridge support
  • locating K+ channels in developing neurons.
40
Q

What is KIAA0319 thought to be involved in?

A
  • neocortical neuronal migration
41
Q

Is dyslexia more common in males or females?

A

males

42
Q

Review characteristics of types of aphasia

A
43
Q

Broca’s aphasia is known as?

A

motor or nonfluent aphasia, because the person has difficulty speaking even though he or she can understand language heard or read.

44
Q

The inability to find words is called?

A

anomia

45
Q

In Wernicke’s aphasia, speech is…?

A

fluent but comprehension is poor.
content does not make much sense.
It is a strange mixture of clarity and gibberish.

46
Q

Wernicke aphasics do not understand most instructions. Y/N

A

Yes

47
Q

Words are not understood as meaningful words until they are processed in what area?

A

Wernicke’s area

48
Q

For the person to be able to repeat the words, word-based signals are passed to _________ from Wernicke’s area via the __________.

A

Broca’s area
arcuate fasciculus

49
Q

In Broca’s area, the words are converted to a code for the ________ movements required for speech.

A

muscular

50
Q

When reading written text aloud the incoming information is processed by the visual system through the __________ and higher-order visual cortical areas.

The visual signals are then passed to the _____________ at the junction of the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes.

A

striate cortex
angular gyrus

51
Q

In the cortex of the angular gyrus, it is assumed that a transformation occurs so that the out-put evokes the same pattern of activity in Wernicke’s area as if the words were spoken rather than written.

A

From this point, the processing follows the same progression as in the first example: Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area to motor cortex.

52
Q

Parallel language pathways.

A
53
Q

Left Hemisphere Language Dominance.

A

Right Hemisphere Associations

54
Q

Demonstrating language comprehension in the right hemisphere.

A
55
Q

Where is the most significant difference seen in Anatomical Asymmetry and Language?

A

Asymmetry of the planum temporale.

which is a part of Wernicke’s area on the superior surface of the temporal lobe

56
Q

Sites where electrical brain stimulation affects language

A

Brain Anatomy (59 decks)

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