NEUR533 - Language Flashcards
LEARNING OUTCOMES
How many muscles is estimated to control sound and speech?
100 - controlled by motor cortex
What are phonemes?
Fundamental sounds of a language
What is a core gene related to speech and language?
FOXP2
Single utations affect development of motor cortex, cerebellm and striatum
What are 3 specific genes with mutations that specifically cause language impairment?
FOXP2, CNTNAP2 (e.g. cant nap lol), KIAA0319
Does dyslexia have a strong genetic link?
yes
What is aphasia?
Patial/complete loss of language abilities following brain damage
Where is broca’s area located?
dominant left frontal lobe region
What is broca’s area associated with?
speech articulation
Where is wernicke’s area?
Superior surface of temporal lobe,
between auditory cortex and angular gyrus
What do lesions of Wernicke’s area cause?
Wernicke’s aphasia
- Fluent speech (unlike brocas)
- Impaired comprehension
- Jargon
- Inability to produce MEANINGFUL SPEECH
How could you describe broca’s aphasia?
Speech is nonfluent and agrammatical
- Difficulty speaking
- Can understand heard/read language
What causes Wernicke’s aphasia?
posterior temporal lobe damage
Describe Wernicke’s aphasia
- Fluent in speech but cannot comprehend
REVIEW - WERNICKE- GESCHWIND MODEL
What are 4 key areas associated in the Wernicke-Geschwind model?
- Brocas area
- Wernickes area
- Arcuate fasciculus
- Angular gyrus
REVIEW - PARALLEL LANGUAGE PATHWAYS
How many streams does the parallel language pathway have?
3
What areas does the parallel language pathway comprise?
- Brocas area
- Auditory cortex
- Wernickes area
- Motor cortex
- Premotor cortex
What causes conduction aphasia?
disconnection between the arcuate fasciculus (AF) and parietal cortex (PC)
How does conduction aphasia differ from brocas aphasia and wernickes aphasia?
- Comprehension and speech are both good and fluent
- Cannot remember words
What does conduction aphasia cause?
Difficulty repeating words
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G94TvTvjeeU
What did Roger Sperry’s testing in the 1950’s result in after doing split-brain procedures?
Animals behaved as if they had two brains
Split-brain gazzaniga experiment
What hemisphere is regarded for language dominance?
left
left hemisphere language dominance TO NOTE
What are the key language functions of the right hemisphere?
- Can and understand numbers
- Letters
- Short words
- NOT VERBAL RESPONSE
What’s the percentage of right handed people?
90%
Left _____ _____ is longer and less steep than the right hemisphere
Left planum temporal larger than right in ___ of cases
sylvian fissure
65%
REVIEW PARTS OF THE INSULAR
How do we study language in brain imaging?
fMRI and PET scans
Post mortem
PET imaging of sensation and speech
SUMMARY
Human vocal tract
What is the anatomical name for the voice box?
Larynx and within it has vocal folds and vocal cords
What’s the space in between the vocal folds?
glottis
Brain activity in a 3-month-old infant listening to speech.
What brain areas of the KE verbal dyspraxia family have abnormalities in?
- Motor cortex
- Cerebellum
- Striatum
- Muscular control of face - potential genetic mutations FOXP2
What is the FOXP2 responsible for?
a transcription factor responsible for turning other genes on and off
What does CNTNAP2 do?
- codes a neurexin protein; (synaptic adhesion molecules)
like a bridge support - locating K+ channels in developing neurons.
What is KIAA0319 thought to be involved in?
- neocortical neuronal migration
Is dyslexia more common in males or females?
males
Review characteristics of types of aphasia
Broca’s aphasia is known as?
motor or nonfluent aphasia, because the person has difficulty speaking even though he or she can understand language heard or read.
The inability to find words is called?
anomia
In Wernicke’s aphasia, speech is…?
fluent but comprehension is poor.
content does not make much sense.
It is a strange mixture of clarity and gibberish.
Wernicke aphasics do not understand most instructions. Y/N
Yes
Words are not understood as meaningful words until they are processed in what area?
Wernicke’s area
For the person to be able to repeat the words, word-based signals are passed to _________ from Wernicke’s area via the __________.
Broca’s area
arcuate fasciculus
In Broca’s area, the words are converted to a code for the ________ movements required for speech.
muscular
When reading written text aloud the incoming information is processed by the visual system through the __________ and higher-order visual cortical areas.
The visual signals are then passed to the _____________ at the junction of the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes.
striate cortex
angular gyrus
In the cortex of the angular gyrus, it is assumed that a transformation occurs so that the out-put evokes the same pattern of activity in Wernicke’s area as if the words were spoken rather than written.
From this point, the processing follows the same progression as in the first example: Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area to motor cortex.
Parallel language pathways.
Left Hemisphere Language Dominance.
Right Hemisphere Associations
Demonstrating language comprehension in the right hemisphere.
Where is the most significant difference seen in Anatomical Asymmetry and Language?
Asymmetry of the planum temporale.
which is a part of Wernicke’s area on the superior surface of the temporal lobe
Sites where electrical brain stimulation affects language
