NEUR533 - Wiring the Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning outcomes

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2
Q

Review lateral geniculate nucleus and ocular integration - 12 layers from neurobiology and neuroanatomy

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3
Q

Wiring of the brain neuroanatomy and neurobiology - KNOW AND REMEMBER

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4
Q

NEUROGENESIS - radial glial cells

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5
Q

What cells give rise to neurons in astrocytes (neurogenesis cell proliferation) in the cerebral cortex?

A

Radial glial cells

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6
Q

What are the 2 proteins for transcription factors and cleavage plane during cell division to determine fate of daughter cells, in radial glial cells?

A

Notch-1 & numb

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7
Q

REVIEW CELL MIGRATION PROCESSES

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8
Q

What direction do pyramidal cells and astrocytes migrate from the ventricular zone?

A

Vertically

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9
Q

What type of fibres do pyramidal cells and astrocytes utilise to migrate from the ventricular zone?

A

Thin radial glial fibers

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10
Q

What direction do inhibitory interneurons (e.g. GABAergic neurons)and oligodendroglia move for cell migration?

A

Laterally/horizontal

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11
Q

What is the first layer cells migrate to take up residence?

A

Subplate layer - eventually disappears

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12
Q

Where do the next cells go to divide migrate to? (2nd stage)

A

The cortical plate

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13
Q

The first cells to migrate and arrive at the matrix become what layer?

A

Layer VI (bottom layer)

Followed by V, IV, III and so on e.g. “inside out”

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14
Q

Review cell differentiation process

A

Differentiation of cortical areas

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15
Q

What are the 3 phases of pathway formation?

A

Pathway selection
Target selection
Address selection

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16
Q

What information is processed in he medial geniculate nucleus?

A

Auditory signals

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17
Q

What info is processed in the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Visual stimuli

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18
Q

What is a growth cone?

A

The growing tip of a neurite

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19
Q

What are the 2 ‘feelers’ of neuronal tip growth and pathway formation?

A

Lamillipodia
Filopodia

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20
Q

What are the 2 core molecules that are interacting within the Folopodia extracellular matrix? (neurites)

A

Laminin and integrin molecules

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21
Q

Axon guidance
Tehy are all about chemo communication

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22
Q

Axon Guidance
Growth guidance cuies

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23
Q

What is the growth guidance cue chemoattractant?

A

Netrin

24
Q

What is the growth guidance cue chemorepellant?

A

Slit
Robo is the receptor

25
Q

What are the factors guiding retinal axons to tectum?

A

Ephrins/eph (repulsive signal)

26
Q

Who came up with the chemoaffinity hypothesis in the 1940s?

A

Sperry

27
Q

Retinotectal projection in frogs

A

Excellent research in the role of retinotopic mapping

28
Q

Neuromuscular synapse

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29
Q

MUST LEARN THE FORMATION OF CNS SYNAPSES

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30
Q

What is the first step of CNS formation of synapses?

A

Dendritic filopodium contact axon

31
Q

What is the 2nd step of CNS formation of synapses?

A

Synaptic vesicles and active zone proteins recruited to presynaptic membrane

32
Q

What is the 3rd step of CNS formation of synapses?

A

Receptors accumulate on postsynaptic membrane

33
Q

LEARN THE ELIMINATION OF CELLS AND SYNAPSES

A

Sunapse elimination in the neuromuscular junction

34
Q

Activity-dependent synaptic rearrangement

A

Segregation of retinal inputs to teh LGN
- fine tuning
- based on retinal waves
-

35
Q

Striate cortex - uses radio tracers to find ocular dominance columns

A
36
Q

What did monocular deprivation experiments show us?

A
  • Ocular dominance shift
  • Plasticity of binocular connections
  • Synaptic competition
37
Q

Ocular dominance shift
- #3 is max convergence - Binocular vision
youtube to understand

A
38
Q

Strabismus - lazy eye

A

odulatory influences on cortical circuits

39
Q

What are 3 key factors for modulatory influences on cortical circuits:

A

_ retinal activity before birth
- visual environment after birth
- enabling factors e.g. Ach - glutamate

40
Q

Synaptic plasticity

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41
Q

What are the 2 glutamate receptors for excitatory synaptic transmission?

A

AMPA receptors (ion gated)
NMDA (unique properties)

42
Q

What are the 2 unique properties of NMDA receptors?

A

Voltage gated ion channel owing to to action of Mg2+ (ligand and voltage gated e.g. double gated)
- Conducts Ca2+
- High and low Ca2+ levels are key

43
Q

Long term potentiation with NMDA receptors

A
44
Q

Strong NMDA receptor activation =

A

Strengthening of synaptic transmission (LTP)

45
Q

_____ entry throgh the NMDA receptor channel triggers the biochemical mechanisms that modify ____ effectiveness

A

Ca2+
Synaptic

46
Q

What is the long-term depression associated with:?

A
  • Neurons firing out of sync ‘lose their link’
  • Loss of AMPA receptors
  • Synaptic pruning
  • Key in teenage years
47
Q

Deprivation leads to reduced visual responsiveness.

A
48
Q

What are 3 hypotheses why plasticity diminishes after critical periods (e.g. teens, young adults aged 21)

A
  • When axon growth ceases
  • Synaptic transmission matures
  • Cortical activation is constrained
49
Q

Is intrinsic inhibitory circuitry late to mature?

A

Yes

50
Q

What does understanding the development regulation of plasticity help recovery from what?

A

CNS damage

51
Q

Summary

A