A walk through the brain - week 4 - Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

How do neurotransmitters transmit through the synapse?

A
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2
Q

How do hormones differ from neurons?

A

Hormones differ from neurons in that they:
* Slower - over minutes to weeks
* Receive feedback from the region they contact rather than being ‘one-way’ communication;
* Are secreted in small pulses rather than a single burst;
* Vary in their levels according to the time of day (‘circadian rhythm’);
* Have different effects on different organs instead of the same effect of stimulating the
dendrites of another neuron.

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3
Q

What are neuroendocrine cells?

A

‘Neuroendocrine’ cells= hybrid of a neuron and an endocrine cell, so that they receive
neural signals but secrete hormones.

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4
Q

How many types of hormone categories are there?

A

3

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5
Q

What are the 3 group classifications of hormones?

A

Can be classified into 3 types
according to their chemical
structure (protein, amine,
steroid)

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6
Q

What is the biochemical process a steroid hormone has on a cell?

A
  1. Steroid hormone diffuses through cellular membrane
  2. The hormone binds to an intracellular receptor, in the cytoplasm or nucleus
  3. A hormone receptor complex forms
  4. The complex interacts with DNA in the nucleus, altering gene expression and cell function
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7
Q

What are 2 key biochemical functions steroid hormones have on a cell?

A

Change the cell’s DNA to
* Promote the cell’s differentiation and
development.

  • Modulate the rate of function of a cell.
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8
Q

What are the hormone changes the DNA to produce
messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A
  • mRNA sends ‘messages’ to produce new
    proteins, thus changing behaviour.
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9
Q

What 8 hormones does the hypothalamus make?

A
  1. thyrotropin releasing hormone
  2. Dopamine
  3. Growth hormone releasing hormone
  4. Somatostatin
  5. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
  6. Corticotropin releasing hormone
  7. Oxytocin
  8. Vasopressin
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10
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

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11
Q

What 2 hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4)
  2. Triiodothyronine
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12
Q

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  4. Follicle stimulating hormone
  5. Lutienizing hormone
  6. Prolactin
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13
Q

What 3 hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce?

A
  1. Vasopressin
  2. Oxytocin
  3. Anti-diuretic hormone
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14
Q

Name one glucocorticosteroid hormone?

A

Cortisol

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15
Q

What is the physiological steps in releasing cortisol?

A
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16
Q

What does the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus do?

A

Receives stimulation from
neurons and from hormones in
the bloodstream

17
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A
  1. Receives stimulation from the hypothalamus.
  2. Each lobe produces
    hormones for target cells
18
Q

What area of the brain stimulates the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

The amygdala
- Major source of emotional response
- Starts the corticotropin release of cortisol

19
Q

What area of the brain inhibits the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

The hippocampus

Checks CRH levels in blood and
provides FB to PVN to decrease CRH.

  • Receives information from PFC to
    adjust level of CRH-secretion.
20
Q

What does Cortisol do for everyday homeostasis

A
  • Stimulates the liver to synthesise glucose
  • Controls Calcium levels
  • Affects mood, appetite, sleep, memory, vision
  • Affects skin & connective tissue, breast, lung and cardiovascular systems.
21
Q

Cortisol: In stress responses

A
  • Increases HR and BP (more O2 for muscle activity)
  • Metabolises stored fats & amino acids to make glucose & protein
  • Decreases cell usage of glucose (=more for muscles)
  • Kills pathogens via lysosome phagocytosis
  • Suppresses prolonged inflammation in 17 ways.,
22
Q

Read C&B, pp. 435 to 444 about Stress Disorders

A