NEUR533 - Memory Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Learning outcomes
A
Reading chapter
2
Q
What is declarative memory?
A
Expliciti
Facts and events
3
Q
What is nondeclarative memory
A
Implicit
Procedural memory - motor skills, habits, emotional responses (amygdala), skills (striatum), classical conditioning
4
Q
Is procedural declarative or nondeclarative memory?
A
Nondeclarative memory
5
Q
What are the 2 types of procedural memory ?
A
- Nonassociative learning
- associative learning
6
Q
What are the 2 types of nonassociative learning?
A
Nonassociative learning is when you get used to something after being exposed to it many times.
- Habituation
- Sensitisation
7
Q
What are 2 classic types of associative learning?
A
Behaviour altered by formation of associations
between events
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
– Pairing of unconditional stimulus with
conditional stimulus
Instrumental conditioning (Thorndike)
– Associate a response with a meaningful
stimulus
8
Q
Classical conditioning - Dwight - the office
A
TYpes of declarative memory
9
Q
What is working memory?
A
Temporary storage - lasting seconds
10
Q
What is short term memories?
A
Vulnerable to disruption
- Facts and events
- Subset are converted to l ong-term memories
11
Q
What are long-term memories?
A
Recalled for months or years
12
Q
Memory consolidation - yankee doodle
A
13
Q
What are the 5 different types of amnesia?
A
- Amnesia- pathophysiology influenced
- Limited amnesia (common) caused by trauma
- Dissociated anmensia
- Retrograde amnesia
- Anterograde amnesia
14
Q
What is retrograde amnesia?
A
Memory loss for things prior to brain trauma
Retro = past
15
Q
What is anterograde amnesia
A
Inability to form new memories after brain trauma
Antero = forward
50 first dates
16
Q
Amnesia produced by brain trauma
A
Working memory slide
17
Q
What is transient global amnesia?
A
Sudden onset of anterograde amnesia
- lasts short periods from temporary ischemia
- Attacks last a couple of hours
18
Q
Prefrontal cortex highly associated with working memory
A
19
Q
What lobe would relate to deficits in:
- Disinhibition
- Altered personality
- lack of empathy
- socially inappropriate behaviour
- Reactive aggression
- Impaired ‘mind theory’
A
Orbitofrontal cortex
20
Q
What lobe would relate to deficits in:
- Decreased motivation
- apathy
- akinesia
- impaired detection of mismatches or errors
A
Medial prefrontal cortex
21
Q
What lobe would relate to deficits in:
- Reduced attentional control
- perseveration
- impaired executive functions
- Working memory, sequencing, planning, creativity, reasoning
A
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
22
Q
Tower of Hanoi classic test (forward thinking) dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
A
Classic dmPFC Wisconsin card sorting test - forward thinking
23
Q
The stroop test
A
2 different working memory tasks
Location
Blue = visual memory
Red = spacial memory
Green = visual and spacial memory cross over
24
Q
What cortical area is associated with guiding eye movements and stimulation causing saccades?
A
Lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP)
25
What is Hebb's "Cell assembly" hypothesis?
- External events are represented in cortical areas
- Cells reciprocally interconnected - reverberation
- Simultanesously active neurons = cell assembly
- Consolidation by growth process
- Fire together, wire together
26
Hebb's Cell assembly hypothesis
Important structures for memory
27
What are the lobes critical for the consolidation and storage of declarative memories?
The medial temporal lobes
28
KNOW - the information flow through the medial temporal lobe
29
What is caveat?
complex sensations reported by minority of patiens, all with abnormal brains (epilpsy)
30
What did penfield's electrical stimulation of the human temporal lobes induce?
Sensations like hallucinations or recalling past experiences
31
Temporal lobe amnesia
32
What did delayed match-to-sample and delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) tests show about the amydala and hippocampus?
That they are not significantly involved in recognition memory
33
What are the critical structures for memory consolidation?
Medial temporal lobe structures
34
The diencephalon and memory processing
Case study
35
What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
Based on chronic alcoholism and thiamin deficiency
SYmptoms: confusions, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy
Can lead to dorsomedial thamaus and mammillary body lesions
36
what does the hippocampal system do in memory functions
- Memory formation, retention, retrieval
- memory consolidation
- spatial memory of location of objections (behvaioural importance)
37
38
What do place cells do?
Fire when yu're in a particular location in relation to the cell
A) place cell
B) grid cell
39
What do grid cells do?
Responds at multiple locations that form a hexagonal grid
40
What do grid cells and place cells do?
Show sensitivity for head direction to brain higher regions for spatial naviation
41
grid cells are likely in what cortex?
Entorhinal cortex
42
Effects on hippocampal lesions in rats
43
What are 5 key hippocampal functions beyond spatial memory?
- Working memory
- Integrates and associates sensory input
- Odour discrimination
- Links different experiences together
44
45
What are engrams?
46
What do reconsolidation experiments show in memory?
Recalling a memory makes it susceptible to change
47
Procedural memory
48
What is the key area involved in habit learning and procedural memory?
striatum
49
What are the 2 structures that make up the striatum?
caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum
50
Where does thr striatum get it's input from?
frontal and parietal cortex
51
Where is the output from the striatum?
thalamic nuclei and movement associated cortical areas
52
The striatum and procedural memories in rats
53
Lesions in the striatum disrupt _________ memory but not ____________ memory
procedural
BUT NOT DECLARATIVE MEMORY
54
Where is declarative memory (facts and events) associated with?
Medial temporal lobe (MT)
Diencephalon
55
What type of conditioning is nondeclarative memory associated with?
Classical conditioning
eg musculoskeletal (cerebellum)
Emotional responses (amydala)
56
Is procedural memory declarative or non-declarative?
Nondeclarative
57
What is procedural memory?
Skills, habits and behaviours
(piano, tie shoes etc, riding bycicle)
58
Where is procedural memory associated with?
Striatum
59
Nondeclarative memory is also frequently called___________ memory, because it results from direct experience
implicit
60
declarative memory is often called____________ memory, because it results from more conscious effort.
explicit
61
Another distinction is that______________ memories are often easy to form and are easily forgotten. In contrast, forming__________ memories usually require repetition and practice over a longer period of time, but these memories are less likely to be forgotten.
declarative
nondeclarative
Think of the difference between memorizing the names of people you meet at a party (declara- tive) and learning to ski (nondeclarative)
62
what are 2 types of Nonassociative learning?
Habituation and sensitization
63
What is nonassociative learning?
change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus.
64
What is habituation learning?
habituation, is learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning
E.g. noise outside
65
What is sensitization learning?
intensifies your response to all stimuli
66
What is associative learning?
Associative learning is when you learn that one thing is connected to another, like hearing a bell and knowing it's time for dinner.
67
What 2 types of learning are associative learning?
Classical conditioning
Instrumental conditioning
68
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning
Dog and bell association with food
69
What is instrumental conditioning?
where a behavior becomes more or less frequent depending on whether it's followed by a reward or a punishment.
For a 10-year-old: Imagine if you get a gold star every time you clean your room, so you start cleaning it more often. That's because you learned that cleaning leads to a reward (the gold star). But if you lose a toy every time you shout, you might shout less. That's because you learned that shouting leads to something you don't want (losing a toy).
70
A second, entirely distinct form of temporary storage, lasting on the order of seconds, is __________________.
working memory
71
If amnesia is not accompanied by any other cognitive deficit, it is known as __________amnesia (i.e., the memory problems are dissociated from any other problems).
dissociated
72
What is LIP?
lateral intraparietal cortex
73
What is this area of the brain associated with?
facial identity and spatial location
Dorsomedial pFC and cingulate cortex
74
The delayed-saccade task.
Hebb and the Cell Assembly.
75
What is an engram or memory trace?
the location of a memory
76
DRAW THIS OUT
The hippocampus
77
what 5 Structures in the medial temporal lobe are involved in declarative memory formation?
1. Hippocampus
2. Entorhinal cortex
3. Rhinal sulcus
4. Perirhinal cortex
5. Parahippocampal cortex
78
DRAW THIS OUT
79
Input first reaches the ________and parahippocampal cortex before being passed to the hippocampus
rhinal
80
A major output pathway from the hippocampus is the _________, which loops around the thalamus before terminating in the hypothalamus
fornix
81
What does the fornix do?
connects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus
82
What do mammillary bodies do?
send a strong projection to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus.
83
The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus also receives input from temporal lobe structures, including the _________ and____________ neocortex, and it projects to virtually all of the frontal cortex.
amygdala
inferotemporal (IT)
84
what is Korsakoff’s syndrome associated with?
Chronic alcoholism
85
In addition to place cells in the hippocampus, recordings in rodents have identified neurons in the entorhinal cortex that are called _____ cells
grid
86
However, unlike place cells, grid cells respond when the animal is at multiple locations that form a__________- grid
hexagonal
87
Grid cells are organized topographically in the sense that the size of and distance between grid fields increased from _______ to________.
dorsal
ventral
Moreover, cells maintained firing relationships from one envi- ronment to the next, suggesting that we were on track of a universal type of spatial map, a map whose activity pattern in many ways disregarded the fine details of the environment.
88
the_________ cortex provides input to the hippocampus.
entorhinal
89
What is the ________ theory proposed by O’Keefe and his colleague Lynn Nadel, which states that the hippocampus is specialized for creating a spatial map of the environment?
cognitive map
90
Hippocampus and memory summary
91
Two models of memory consolidation.
Youtube??
92
Two elements of the basal ganglia are the __________ and the___________, together called the striatum.
caudate nucleus
putamen
93
The striatum sits at a key location in the motor loop, receiving input from ________ and________ cortex and sending output to thalamic nuclei and cortical areas involved in movement.
frontal
parietal
94
lesions to the ___________lobe significantly impair performance on the delayed non-match to sample task that uses declarative memory.
medial temporal
95
When the striatum is damaged, there is no effect on the performance of the DNMS task? True or false
true
96
When the striatum is damaged, the animal is unable to form the habit of always retrieving food associated with one visual stimulus rather than another. T/F?
true
97
Review Questions
