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Brain Anatomy > NEUR533 - Memory Systems > Flashcards

NEUR533 - Memory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Learning outcomes

A

Reading chapter

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2
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Expliciti
Facts and events

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3
Q

What is nondeclarative memory

A

Implicit
Procedural memory - motor skills, habits, emotional responses (amygdala), skills (striatum), classical conditioning

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4
Q

Is procedural declarative or nondeclarative memory?

A

Nondeclarative memory

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of procedural memory ?

A
  • Nonassociative learning
  • associative learning
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6
Q

What are the 2 types of nonassociative learning?

A

Nonassociative learning is when you get used to something after being exposed to it many times.

  • Habituation
  • Sensitisation
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7
Q

What are 2 classic types of associative learning?

A

Behaviour altered by formation of associations
between events

  • Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
    – Pairing of unconditional stimulus with
    conditional stimulus

Instrumental conditioning (Thorndike)
– Associate a response with a meaningful
stimulus

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8
Q

Classical conditioning - Dwight - the office

A

TYpes of declarative memory

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9
Q

What is working memory?

A

Temporary storage - lasting seconds

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10
Q

What is short term memories?

A

Vulnerable to disruption
- Facts and events
- Subset are converted to l ong-term memories

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11
Q

What are long-term memories?

A

Recalled for months or years

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12
Q

Memory consolidation - yankee doodle

A
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13
Q

What are the 5 different types of amnesia?

A
  • Amnesia- pathophysiology influenced
  • Limited amnesia (common) caused by trauma
  • Dissociated anmensia
  • Retrograde amnesia
  • Anterograde amnesia
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14
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Memory loss for things prior to brain trauma
Retro = past

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15
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories after brain trauma
Antero = forward

50 first dates

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16
Q

Amnesia produced by brain trauma

A

Working memory slide

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17
Q

What is transient global amnesia?

A

Sudden onset of anterograde amnesia
- lasts short periods from temporary ischemia
- Attacks last a couple of hours

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18
Q

Prefrontal cortex highly associated with working memory

A
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19
Q

What lobe would relate to deficits in:

  • Disinhibition
  • Altered personality
  • lack of empathy
  • socially inappropriate behaviour
  • Reactive aggression
  • Impaired ‘mind theory’
A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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20
Q

What lobe would relate to deficits in:

  • Decreased motivation
  • apathy
  • akinesia
  • impaired detection of mismatches or errors
A

Medial prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

What lobe would relate to deficits in:

  • Reduced attentional control
  • perseveration
  • impaired executive functions
  • Working memory, sequencing, planning, creativity, reasoning
A

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

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22
Q

Tower of Hanoi classic test (forward thinking) dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

A

Classic dmPFC Wisconsin card sorting test - forward thinking

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23
Q

The stroop test

A

2 different working memory tasks
Location
Blue = visual memory
Red = spacial memory
Green = visual and spacial memory cross over

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24
Q

What cortical area is associated with guiding eye movements and stimulation causing saccades?

A

Lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP)

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25
Q

What is Hebb’s “Cell assembly” hypothesis?

A
  • External events are represented in cortical areas
  • Cells reciprocally interconnected - reverberation
  • Simultanesously active neurons = cell assembly
  • Consolidation by growth process
  • Fire together, wire together
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26
Q

Hebb’s Cell assembly hypothesis

A

Important structures for memory

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27
Q

What are the lobes critical for the consolidation and storage of declarative memories?

A

The medial temporal lobes

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28
Q

KNOW - the information flow through the medial temporal lobe

A
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29
Q

What is caveat?

A

complex sensations reported by minority of patiens, all with abnormal brains (epilpsy)

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30
Q

What did penfield’s electrical stimulation of the human temporal lobes induce?

A

Sensations like hallucinations or recalling past experiences

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31
Q
A

Temporal lobe amnesia

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32
Q

What did delayed match-to-sample and delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) tests show about the amydala and hippocampus?

A

That they are not significantly involved in recognition memory

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33
Q

What are the critical structures for memory consolidation?

A

Medial temporal lobe structures

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34
Q

The diencephalon and memory processing

A

Case study

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35
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Based on chronic alcoholism and thiamin deficiency

SYmptoms: confusions, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy

Can lead to dorsomedial thamaus and mammillary body lesions

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36
Q

what does the hippocampal system do in memory functions

A
  • Memory formation, retention, retrieval
  • memory consolidation
  • spatial memory of location of objections (behvaioural importance)
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37
Q
A
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38
Q

What do place cells do?

A

Fire when yu’re in a particular location in relation to the cell

A) place cell
B) grid cell

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39
Q

What do grid cells do?

A

Responds at multiple locations that form a hexagonal grid

40
Q

What do grid cells and place cells do?

A

Show sensitivity for head direction to brain higher regions for spatial naviation

41
Q

grid cells are likely in what cortex?

A

Entorhinal cortex

42
Q

Effects on hippocampal lesions in rats

A
43
Q

What are 5 key hippocampal functions beyond spatial memory?

A
  • Working memory
  • Integrates and associates sensory input
  • Odour discrimination
  • Links different experiences together
44
Q
A
45
Q

What are engrams?

A
46
Q

What do reconsolidation experiments show in memory?

A

Recalling a memory makes it susceptible to change

47
Q

Procedural memory

A
48
Q

What is the key area involved in habit learning and procedural memory?

A

striatum

49
Q

What are the 2 structures that make up the striatum?

A

caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum

50
Q

Where does thr striatum get it’s input from?

A

frontal and parietal cortex

51
Q

Where is the output from the striatum?

A

thalamic nuclei and movement associated cortical areas

52
Q

The striatum and procedural memories in rats

A
53
Q

Lesions in the striatum disrupt _________ memory but not ____________ memory

A

procedural
BUT NOT DECLARATIVE MEMORY

54
Q

Where is declarative memory (facts and events) associated with?

A

Medial temporal lobe (MT)
Diencephalon

55
Q

What type of conditioning is nondeclarative memory associated with?

A

Classical conditioning
eg musculoskeletal (cerebellum)
Emotional responses (amydala)

56
Q

Is procedural memory declarative or non-declarative?

A

Nondeclarative

57
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Skills, habits and behaviours
(piano, tie shoes etc, riding bycicle)

58
Q

Where is procedural memory associated with?

A

Striatum

59
Q

Nondeclarative memory is also frequently called___________ memory, because it results from direct experience

A

implicit

60
Q

declarative memory is often called____________ memory, because it results from more conscious effort.

A

explicit

61
Q

Another distinction is that______________ memories are often easy to form and are easily forgotten. In contrast, forming__________ memories usually require repetition and practice over a longer period of time, but these memories are less likely to be forgotten.

A

declarative
nondeclarative

Think of the difference between memorizing the names of people you meet at a party (declara- tive) and learning to ski (nondeclarative)

62
Q

what are 2 types of Nonassociative learning?

A

Habituation and sensitization

63
Q

What is nonassociative learning?

A

change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus.

64
Q

What is habituation learning?

A

habituation, is learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning
E.g. noise outside

65
Q

What is sensitization learning?

A

intensifies your response to all stimuli

66
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Associative learning is when you learn that one thing is connected to another, like hearing a bell and knowing it’s time for dinner.

67
Q

What 2 types of learning are associative learning?

A

Classical conditioning
Instrumental conditioning

68
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning
Dog and bell association with food

69
Q

What is instrumental conditioning?

A

where a behavior becomes more or less frequent depending on whether it’s followed by a reward or a punishment.

For a 10-year-old: Imagine if you get a gold star every time you clean your room, so you start cleaning it more often. That’s because you learned that cleaning leads to a reward (the gold star). But if you lose a toy every time you shout, you might shout less. That’s because you learned that shouting leads to something you don’t want (losing a toy).

70
Q

A second, entirely distinct form of temporary storage, lasting on the order of seconds, is __________________.

A

working memory

71
Q

If amnesia is not accompanied by any other cognitive deficit, it is known as __________amnesia (i.e., the memory problems are dissociated from any other problems).

A

dissociated

72
Q

What is LIP?

A

lateral intraparietal cortex

73
Q

What is this area of the brain associated with?

A

facial identity and spatial location
Dorsomedial pFC and cingulate cortex

74
Q

The delayed-saccade task.

A

Hebb and the Cell Assembly.

75
Q

What is an engram or memory trace?

A

the location of a memory

76
Q

DRAW THIS OUT

A

The hippocampus

77
Q

what 5 Structures in the medial temporal lobe are involved in declarative memory formation?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Entorhinal cortex
  3. Rhinal sulcus
  4. Perirhinal cortex
  5. Parahippocampal cortex
78
Q

DRAW THIS OUT

A
79
Q

Input first reaches the ________and parahippocampal cortex before being passed to the hippocampus

A

rhinal

80
Q

A major output pathway from the hippocampus is the _________, which loops around the thalamus before terminating in the hypothalamus

A

fornix

81
Q

What does the fornix do?

A

connects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus

82
Q

What do mammillary bodies do?

A

send a strong projection to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus.

83
Q

The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus also receives input from temporal lobe structures, including the _________ and____________ neocortex, and it projects to virtually all of the frontal cortex.

A

amygdala
inferotemporal (IT)

84
Q

what is Korsakoff’s syndrome associated with?

A

Chronic alcoholism

85
Q

In addition to place cells in the hippocampus, recordings in rodents have identified neurons in the entorhinal cortex that are called _____ cells

A

grid

86
Q

However, unlike place cells, grid cells respond when the animal is at multiple locations that form a__________- grid

A

hexagonal

87
Q

Grid cells are organized topographically in the sense that the size of and distance between grid fields increased from _______ to________.

A

dorsal
ventral

Moreover, cells maintained firing relationships from one envi- ronment to the next, suggesting that we were on track of a universal type of spatial map, a map whose activity pattern in many ways disregarded the fine details of the environment.

88
Q

the_________ cortex provides input to the hippocampus.

A

entorhinal

89
Q

What is the ________ theory proposed by O’Keefe and his colleague Lynn Nadel, which states that the hippocampus is specialized for creating a spatial map of the environment?

A

cognitive map

90
Q

Hippocampus and memory summary

A
91
Q

Two models of memory consolidation.

Youtube??

A
92
Q

Two elements of the basal ganglia are the __________ and the___________, together called the striatum.

A

caudate nucleus
putamen

93
Q

The striatum sits at a key location in the motor loop, receiving input from ________ and________ cortex and sending output to thalamic nuclei and cortical areas involved in movement.

A

frontal
parietal

94
Q

lesions to the ___________lobe significantly impair performance on the delayed non-match to sample task that uses declarative memory.

A

medial temporal

95
Q

When the striatum is damaged, there is no effect on the performance of the DNMS task? True or false

A

true

96
Q

When the striatum is damaged, the animal is unable to form the habit of always retrieving food associated with one visual stimulus rather than another. T/F?

A

true

97
Q

Review Questions

A

Brain Anatomy (59 decks)

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