NEUR533 - Memory Systems Flashcards
Learning outcomes
Reading chapter
What is declarative memory?
Expliciti
Facts and events
What is nondeclarative memory
Implicit
Procedural memory - motor skills, habits, emotional responses (amygdala), skills (striatum), classical conditioning
Is procedural declarative or nondeclarative memory?
Nondeclarative memory
What are the 2 types of procedural memory ?
- Nonassociative learning
- associative learning
What are the 2 types of nonassociative learning?
Nonassociative learning is when you get used to something after being exposed to it many times.
- Habituation
- Sensitisation
What are 2 classic types of associative learning?
Behaviour altered by formation of associations
between events
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
– Pairing of unconditional stimulus with
conditional stimulus
Instrumental conditioning (Thorndike)
– Associate a response with a meaningful
stimulus
Classical conditioning - Dwight - the office
TYpes of declarative memory
What is working memory?
Temporary storage - lasting seconds
What is short term memories?
Vulnerable to disruption
- Facts and events
- Subset are converted to l ong-term memories
What are long-term memories?
Recalled for months or years
Memory consolidation - yankee doodle
What are the 5 different types of amnesia?
- Amnesia- pathophysiology influenced
- Limited amnesia (common) caused by trauma
- Dissociated anmensia
- Retrograde amnesia
- Anterograde amnesia
What is retrograde amnesia?
Memory loss for things prior to brain trauma
Retro = past
What is anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories after brain trauma
Antero = forward
50 first dates
Amnesia produced by brain trauma
Working memory slide
What is transient global amnesia?
Sudden onset of anterograde amnesia
- lasts short periods from temporary ischemia
- Attacks last a couple of hours
Prefrontal cortex highly associated with working memory
What lobe would relate to deficits in:
- Disinhibition
- Altered personality
- lack of empathy
- socially inappropriate behaviour
- Reactive aggression
- Impaired ‘mind theory’
Orbitofrontal cortex
What lobe would relate to deficits in:
- Decreased motivation
- apathy
- akinesia
- impaired detection of mismatches or errors
Medial prefrontal cortex
What lobe would relate to deficits in:
- Reduced attentional control
- perseveration
- impaired executive functions
- Working memory, sequencing, planning, creativity, reasoning
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
Tower of Hanoi classic test (forward thinking) dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
Classic dmPFC Wisconsin card sorting test - forward thinking
The stroop test
2 different working memory tasks
Location
Blue = visual memory
Red = spacial memory
Green = visual and spacial memory cross over
What cortical area is associated with guiding eye movements and stimulation causing saccades?
Lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP)
What is Hebb’s “Cell assembly” hypothesis?
- External events are represented in cortical areas
- Cells reciprocally interconnected - reverberation
- Simultanesously active neurons = cell assembly
- Consolidation by growth process
- Fire together, wire together
Hebb’s Cell assembly hypothesis
Important structures for memory
What are the lobes critical for the consolidation and storage of declarative memories?
The medial temporal lobes
KNOW - the information flow through the medial temporal lobe
What is caveat?
complex sensations reported by minority of patiens, all with abnormal brains (epilpsy)
What did penfield’s electrical stimulation of the human temporal lobes induce?
Sensations like hallucinations or recalling past experiences
Temporal lobe amnesia
What did delayed match-to-sample and delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) tests show about the amydala and hippocampus?
That they are not significantly involved in recognition memory
What are the critical structures for memory consolidation?
Medial temporal lobe structures
The diencephalon and memory processing
Case study
What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Based on chronic alcoholism and thiamin deficiency
SYmptoms: confusions, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy
Can lead to dorsomedial thamaus and mammillary body lesions
what does the hippocampal system do in memory functions
- Memory formation, retention, retrieval
- memory consolidation
- spatial memory of location of objections (behvaioural importance)
What do place cells do?
Fire when yu’re in a particular location in relation to the cell
A) place cell
B) grid cell