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Brain Anatomy > Neuroanatomy - Week 4 - Brain Stem > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy - Week 4 - Brain Stem Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What direction is rostral?

A

Towards the front of the head

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2
Q

What direction is caudal?

A

Towards the occipital lobe

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3
Q

What’s the average size of the medulla oblongata?

A

3cm

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4
Q

What is the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

body of white matter that connects the
medulla with the cerebellum

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5
Q

Do the gracile and cuneate fasciculi continue from the spinal cord into the medulla?

A

Yes

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6
Q

How many nerves are attached to the medulla (CN9-12) and what are they?

A

4

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7
Q

Whats the ave. size of the pons?

A

2.5cm

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8
Q

What does The basal pons blends laterally into?

A

the middle cerebellar peduncles

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9
Q

What is the midbrain associated with?

A
  • motor coordination (particularly eye movements)
  • visual and auditory processing
  • Arousal
  • Conscousness
  • Behavioural responses to fear & danger
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10
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A
  • Brain stem
  • Extends from the base of thalamus to the pons
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11
Q

What is the pons associated with?

A
  • Largest component of the brainstem
  • Houses the nuclei of cranial nerves V- VIII
  • Houses pontine nuclei which facilitates corticopontocerebellar communication
  • Helps regulate sleep and breathing
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12
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain

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13
Q

What is the medulla oblongata associated with?

A
  • Most caudal part of the brainstem
  • Connects to spinal cord
  • Houses nuclei of cranial nerves XI - XII
  • Regulates respiration, cardiovascular system, GIT
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14
Q

What is the brainstem function?

A

Carries ascending and descending tracts between forebrain and spinal cord

  • Regulates breathing, digestion, cardiovascular activity
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15
Q

What cranial nerves does the brain stem house?

A

Cranial Nerves III - VII

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16
Q

What is bilateral to the anterior median fissure?

A

Medullary pyramids aka pyramidal tracts

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17
Q

What do the medullary pyramids contain?

A

Fibres from the corticospinal tracts

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18
Q

What are the medullary pyramids key function?

A

Controlling voluntary movements

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19
Q

What is pyramidal decussation?

A

Site for corticospinal fibre decussation

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20
Q

What is decussation?

A
  • The cross over of corticospinal fibres
  • Where one side of the brain controls the other side of the body
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21
Q

What part of the brainstem does pyramidal decussation occur?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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22
Q

What is the pontomedullary junction?

A

The border between the pons and medulla oblongata

  • Marked by the inferior pontine sulcus
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23
Q

How many cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

3

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24
Q

What are the 3 nerves that emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A
  • Abducents nerve (CN VI)
  • Facial nerves (CN VII)
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
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24
Q

What are the 3 nerves that emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A
  • Abducents nerve (CN VI)
  • Facial nerves (CN VII)
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
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25
Q

What is the central groove through the pons?

A
  • Basilar groove
    (houses basilar artery)
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26
Q

What cranial nerve emerges from the anterolateral aspect of the pons?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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27
Q

What are the 2 parts of the trigeminal cranial nerve?

A
  • Motor root (smaller)
  • Sensory root (large)
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28
Q

What is the largest cranial nerve?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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29
Q

What is the name of the groove connecting the pons to the midbrain?

A

Superior pontine sulcus

30
Q

What is the midbrain associated with?

A
  • Motor control
  • Sound and visual processing
  • Thermal regulation
31
Q

What are the cerebtal peduncles?

A
  • 2 sides of the midbrain
32
Q

What cranial nerves does the midbrain behold?

A
  • Oculomotor nerve (CNIII)
  • Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
33
Q

What is the only cranial nerve NOT to originate on the anterior aspect of the brainstem?

A

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

34
Q

What is another name for the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

35
Q

What is the shortest part of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

36
Q

Name 5 key Medulla oblongata anatomical landmarks

A
  • Pyramid
  • Olive
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Cuneate
  • Gacile tubercles (below obex)
  • Floor of 4th ventricle (above obex)
37
Q

Name 4 key anatomical landmarks associated with the Pons

A
  • Basal parts of pons
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
  • Floor of 4th ventricle
38
Q

Name 3 key anatomical landmarks associated with the Midbrain:

A
  • Interpenduncular fossa
  • Basis pedunculi
  • Inferior or superior colliculus
39
Q

What’s the average size of the midbrain?

A

1.5cm

40
Q

The spinothalamic tract is formed from…

A

axons that arise in the contralateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord

41
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncles consist largely of what?

A

fibers leaving the cerebellum

42
Q

The substantia nigra and the periaqueductal gray matter are present at what levels of the midbrain?

A

All levels of the midbrain

43
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic nuclei include what 3 nucleuses?

A
  • Edinger-Westphal nucleus
  • dorsal nucleus of the vagus
  • nucleus ambiguus
44
Q

The only general somatic sensory nuclei
are the three components of what nuclear complex?

A

Trigeminal

45
Q

The only visceral sensory nucleus is the…?

A

Solitary nucleus

46
Q

What type of data do Spinoreticular Fibers transmit?

A
  • Sensory
  • Especially from the skin and internal organs
47
Q

What type of sensory data are the Spinothalamic and Spinotectal Tracts associated with?

A
  • Pain
  • Tempoerature
  • Touch
48
Q

What do the Spinothalamic and Spinotectal Tracts merge to become?

A

spinal lemniscus

49
Q

What are proprioceptive signals associated with?

A

Movement

50
Q

What type of signals do the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts mainly carry?

A

Proprioceptive signals

51
Q

cuneocerebellar fibers provide a pathway to the cerebellum from what areas?

A

Neck & upper limb

52
Q

What are 4 tracts that originate in the midbrain?

A
  • Central tegmental tract
  • Rubrospinal tract
  • Tectospinal tract
  • Tectbulbar fibers
52
Q

What are 4 tracts that originate in the midbrain?

A
  • Central tegmental tract
  • Rubrospinal tract
  • Tectospinal tract
  • Tectbulbar fibers
53
Q

What is the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve?

A

the larg- est parasympathetic nucleus in the brain stem

54
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve receive afferent communications from where?

A

Cochlear and vestibular divisions of the 8th cranial nerve

55
Q

What is the fasciculus gracilis associated with?

A
  • Ascending sensory pathway
  • Lower limb
  • Below T6
  • Fine touch
  • Vibration
  • Proprioception
56
Q

What is the fasciculus cuneatus associated with?

A
  • Ascending sensory pathway
  • Upper limb
  • T6 & above
  • Fine touch
  • Vibration
  • Propriotception
57
Q

What sensory elements is the anterior spinothalamic tract associated with?

A
  • Crude touch
  • Pressure
58
Q

What is the lateral spinothalamic tract sensory inputs?

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
59
Q

What do the posterior spinocerebellar, anterior spinocerebellar and spino-olivary tracts all have in common?

A
  • They all transmit ascending proproception of the lower limbs to cerebellum
60
Q

What do the cuneocerebellar and rostral spinocerebellar both have in common?

A

Both transmit ascending proprioception of the UPPER limbs to the cerebellum

61
Q

What is descending spinal cord transmission associated with?

A

Motor signals and muscle movement

62
Q

What are the 2 largest pyramidal tracts called?

A

Anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts

63
Q

Is the lateral corticospinal tract contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

Contralateral

64
Q

Is the anterior corticospinal tract contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

Ipsilateral

65
Q

What is the rubrospinal descending motor tract associated with controlling?

A

Fine motor control

66
Q

What does the medial reticulospinal tract fascilitate?

A

Contraction and muscle tone

67
Q

What does the lateral reticulospinal tract do?

A
  • Inhibits muscle contraction
  • Reduces muscle tone
  • Associated with automatic breathing
67
Q

What does the lateral reticulospinal tract do?

A
  • Inhibits muscle contraction
  • Reduces muscle tone
  • Associated with automatic breathing
68
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract associated with?

A

Balance and posture

69
Q

What is the tectospinal tract associated with?

A

Head movement and vision coordination

70
Q

The dorsal part of the spinal cord is associated with ascending or descending sensory input?

A

Ascending

71
Q

The anterior part of the spinal cord is associated with descending or ascending motor transmission?

A

Descending/efferent

Brain Anatomy (59 decks)

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