Neurobiology - Week 4 - Neurotransmitters Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What are the key anatomical elements of the neurotransmitter process?

A
  1. Neurotransmitter synthesising enzymes
  2. Synaptic vesicles/transporters
  3. Reuptake transporters
  4. Degradative enzymes
  5. Transmitter gated-ion channels
  6. G-protein-coupled receptors
  7. G-proteins
  8. G-protein-gated ion channels
  9. Second messenger cascades
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are G-protiens found?

A

Intracellular regions of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 classes of neurotransmitters?

A

Amino acids, amines and peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the first identified neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 criteria to be a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Synthesis and storage in the presynaptic neuron
  2. Released by the presynaptic axon terminal
  3. When applied, mimics post-synaptic cell response produced by the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does immunohistochemistry help to identify neurotransmitters?

A

We’re using the immune system to create antibodies against a particular sequence of amino acids, to identify peptides,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain the process of utilising immunohistochemistry to identify neurotransmitters

A
  1. Inject neurotransmitter into candidate (e.g. rabbit/mouse)
  2. Withdraw specific antibodies from ear vein
  3. Purify antibodies
  4. Get a brain tissue section and slice
  5. Apply antibody to the tissue for 48 hours
  6. Antibody binds to neurotransmitters in the brain tissue slices
  7. Ability to identify neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are acetylcholine (ACh) receptors?

A
  • Nicotinic
  • Muscarinic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 3 glutamate agonist receptors?

A
  • AMPA
  • NMDA
  • Kainate receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor?

A
  • Ligand-gated ion channels
  • Has confirmational change
  • Selective ion channels open
  • Fast response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor?

A
  • G-protein coupled receptors
  • Slow response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 3 neurotransmitters are derived from tyrosine?

A

Catecholamines (norepinephrine & epinephrine)
Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What amino acid is serotonin derived from?

A

tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does GABA stand for?

A

Gamma-amino-butyric-acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is GABA an inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many subunits form a pore in the transmitter-gated ion channels?

A

5
(Pentamers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe an NMDA receptor and it’s function

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Discuss GABA receptors

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are 3 steps in g-protein-coupled receptor transmissions?

A
  • Binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor protein
  • Activation of G-proteins
  • Activation of effector systems
20
Q

Describe the basic structure of a g-protein-coupled receptor

A

A single polypeptide with 7 membrane-alpha-helices

21
Q

What are the 5 steps in a G-protein operations

A
22
Q

Describe divergence and convergence

A
23
Q

G protein signal amplification

A
24
Q

Who was the person to discover the first neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

A

Otto Loewi - 1920’s

25
Q

What neurotransmitter doe glutamatergic neurons use?

A

Glutamate

26
Q

What is In Situ Hybridization?

A

Strands of mRNA consist of nucleotides arranged in a specific sequence.

Each nucleotide will stick to one other complementary nucleotide.

a synthetic probe is constructed containing a sequence of complementary nucleotides that will allow it to stick to the mRNA.

If the probe is labelled, the location of cells containing the mRNA will
be revealed.

27
Q

What is fluorescence in situ hybridization also known as?

A

FISH

28
Q

What is microiontophoresis?

A

a process for observing or recording the effect of an ionized substance on nerve cells that involves inserting a double micropipette into the brain close to a nerve cell,

injecting an ionized fluid through one barrel of the pipette,

and using a concentrated saline solution in the other tube as an electrical conductor to pick up and transmit back to an oscilloscope any change in neural activity

29
Q

What is Dale’s principle?

A

The idea that a neuron has only one neurotransmitter

Many peptide-containing neurons violate Dale’s principle because these cells usually release more than one neurotransmitter: an amino acid or amine and a peptide.

30
Q

What is the enzyme that converts Acetyl CoA + Choline to Acetylcholine?

A

Choline acetyletransferase (ChAT)

31
Q

What is the 4 step catecholamine synthesis from tyrosine to epinephrine

A
32
Q

What is the enzyme that converts tyrosine to L-dopa?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)

33
Q

What is the enzyme that converts L-dopa to Dopamine?

A

Dopa decarboxylase

34
Q

What enzyme converts dopamine (DA) to norepinephrine (NE)?

A

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)

35
Q

What enzyme converts norepinephrine (NE) to Epinephrine?

A

Phentolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

36
Q

What is the 2 step enzymatic sequence synthesising serotonin from tryptophan?

A
37
Q

What enzyme converts tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan?

A

Tryptophan hydroxylase

38
Q

What enzyme converts 5-HTP to serotonin?

A

5-HTP decarboxylase

39
Q

What is the chemical compound name for serotonin?

A

5-hydroxytryptamine

40
Q

What are the 3 amino acid neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Glycine
  2. GABA
  3. Glutamate
41
Q

What is The basic mode of operation of G-proteins

A

(a) In its inactive state, the 􏰊 subunit of the G-protein binds GDP.

(b) When activated by a G-protein-coupled receptor, the GDP is exchanged for GTP.

(c) The activated G-protein splits, and both the G􏰊 (GTP) subunit and the G􏰈􏰌 subunit become available to activate effector proteins.

(d) The G􏰊 subunit slowly removes phosphate (PO4) from GTP, con- verting GTP to GDP and terminating its own activity.

42
Q

What to protein kinases do?

A

transfer phosphate from ATP to proteins

called phosphorylation.

43
Q

What enzymes remove phosphate groups within second messenger groups?

A

Protein phosphatases

44
Q

What is the most excitatory neutransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate

45
Q

What is the most inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

46
Q

What is neurotransmitter divegerence?

A

when the neuron fires, the signal is sent to many other neurons (divergence).

47
Q

What is convergence?

A

where one neuron is influenced by many others (convergence)