Neurobiology - Week 4 - Neurotransmitters Flashcards
What are the key anatomical elements of the neurotransmitter process?
- Neurotransmitter synthesising enzymes
- Synaptic vesicles/transporters
- Reuptake transporters
- Degradative enzymes
- Transmitter gated-ion channels
- G-protein-coupled receptors
- G-proteins
- G-protein-gated ion channels
- Second messenger cascades
Where are G-protiens found?
Intracellular regions of the membrane
What are the 3 classes of neurotransmitters?
Amino acids, amines and peptides
What was the first identified neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
What are the 3 criteria to be a neurotransmitter?
- Synthesis and storage in the presynaptic neuron
- Released by the presynaptic axon terminal
- When applied, mimics post-synaptic cell response produced by the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron
How does immunohistochemistry help to identify neurotransmitters?
We’re using the immune system to create antibodies against a particular sequence of amino acids, to identify peptides,
Explain the process of utilising immunohistochemistry to identify neurotransmitters
- Inject neurotransmitter into candidate (e.g. rabbit/mouse)
- Withdraw specific antibodies from ear vein
- Purify antibodies
- Get a brain tissue section and slice
- Apply antibody to the tissue for 48 hours
- Antibody binds to neurotransmitters in the brain tissue slices
- Ability to identify neurotransmitters
What are acetylcholine (ACh) receptors?
- Nicotinic
- Muscarinic
What are 3 glutamate agonist receptors?
- AMPA
- NMDA
- Kainate receptor
What is an ionotropic receptor?
- Ligand-gated ion channels
- Has confirmational change
- Selective ion channels open
- Fast response
What is a metabotropic receptor?
- G-protein coupled receptors
- Slow response
What 3 neurotransmitters are derived from tyrosine?
Catecholamines (norepinephrine & epinephrine)
Dopamine
What amino acid is serotonin derived from?
tryptophan
What does GABA stand for?
Gamma-amino-butyric-acid
Is GABA an inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter?
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS
How many subunits form a pore in the transmitter-gated ion channels?
5
(Pentamers)
Describe an NMDA receptor and it’s function
Discuss GABA receptors