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Brain Anatomy > NEUR533 - Motivation > Flashcards

NEUR533 - Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning outcomes - lecture 3

A
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2
Q

What are the 3 components of neuronal response?

A
  • Humoral response (immune anti-body mediated)
  • Visceromotor response (involuntary motor response)
  • Somatic motor response (voluntary motor response)
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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

(post-absorptive state)
Break down of compex macromolecules for energy

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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A
  • Prandial state
  • Energy storage as glycogen and triglycerides
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5
Q

What is leptin protein/hormone associated iwth?

A
  • Satiety
  • Decreases appetite
  • Regulates body mass
  • Increases energy expenditure
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6
Q

What does a depletion in leptin associate with?

A
  • Adaptation to starvation (defence mechanism?)
  • Reduced energy expenditure
  • Suppresses reproduction and reproductive behaviour

Think hypothyroidism

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7
Q

What do lesions of the lateral hypothalamus induce

A

Anorexia from lateral hypothalamic syndrome
- Hunger centre of thalamus
- No longer wanting to eat
- Depletions of orexins (hypocretins) as they stimulate feeding

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8
Q

What do lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome induce?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus = SATIETY CENTER
= sensitive to LEPTIN

  • Obesity
  • Insufficient satiety signalling
  • Excessive eating
  • DEPLETED LEPTIN associated with REDUCED SATIETY CENTER
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9
Q

What does the increased leptin activation of the arcuate neurons release?

A

A FOR ANORECTIC
A FOR ALPHA MSH

  • Anorectic peptides
    alpha-MSH & CART peptides
  • α-MSH= Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (decreases appetite)
  • CART = Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript.
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10
Q

Where do arcuate neuron peptides/pathways project?

A
  • Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (humoral response)
  • Intermediolateral grey matter of spinal cord
  • Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
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11
Q

LEARN THIS FOR EXAM

A
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12
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus in response to elevated leptin levels stimulate?

A

Stimulates release of ACTH and thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary

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13
Q

What are elevated leptin levels (hyperliptinaemia) associated with?

A
  • Can’t to turn off hunger signals
    = Obesity
  • Increased hunger
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14
Q

What conditions are predominantly associated with elevated leptin ?

A
  • Obesity
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • PCOS
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Insulin resistance
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15
Q

with a decrease in leptin levels, the activation of the arcuate nucleus neurons will release what 2 peptides?

A

NPY (Neuropeptide Y) and
AgRP (Agouti-related peptide)

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16
Q

What 3 things do NPY and AgRP peptides do?

A

Oppose aMSH and CART
Increase appetite (orexigenic)
Inhibit TSH & ACTH

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17
Q

Key functions and effects of NPY include:

Appetite stimulation: NPY acts on specific receptors in the hypothalamus to increase appetite and promote food intake.

It is considered one of the most potent orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) signals in the brain.

Energy balance: NPY is involved in regulating energy balance by promoting fat storage and reducing energy expenditure.

Stress response: NPY is released during periods of stress and is thought to have anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) and stress-reducing effects.

Cardiovascular regulation: NPY has vasoconstrictive properties, meaning it can narrow blood vessels and increase blood pressure.

A

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP):

Agouti-related peptide is another neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus, particularly in a subset of neurons known as AgRP/NPY neurons. AgRP is primarily involved in appetite regulation and is closely related to melanocortin receptors, which play a role in regulating energy balance.

Key functions and effects of AgRP include:

Appetite stimulation: AgRP is an orexigenic neuropeptide that acts on specific receptors in the hypothalamus to increase appetite and food intake.

It works by inhibiting the activity of melanocortin receptors, which are involved in suppressing appetite.

Role in satiety: AgRP neurons are activated during fasting or low-energy states and are believed to promote feeding behavior and suppress the activity of anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) neurons.

Interaction with melanocortin system: AgRP acts antagonistically to the melanocortin system, which includes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and its receptors.

AgRP inhibits the activity of melanocortin receptors, leading to increased appetite.

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18
Q

LEARN FOR EXAM

A
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19
Q

What receptor do alpha MSH and AgRP compete in the lateral hypothalamus for?

A

MC4 receptor

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20
Q

What does increased leptin do to alpha MSH?

A

Increase alpha MSH

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21
Q

What does increased alpha MSH do on MC4 receptors in the lateral hypothalamic area?

A

Increase the inhibition of feeding behaviour
(Reduces feeding)
- Increases satiety

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22
Q

What 5 things does increased leptin do to AgRP peptide?

A
  • Decreases AgRP peptide

Competes for MC4 receptor against alpha MSH
- Antagonises MC4
- Reduces feeding behaviour
- Increases energy expenditure

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23
Q

What are the 2 lateral hypothalamic peptides that stimulate feeding behaviour?

A

MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone) and Orexin

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24
Q

What does orexin do?

A
  • Drives appetite behaviours
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25
Q

What does melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) do?

A
  • Prolongs food consumption
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26
Q

LEARN

A
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27
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 SHORT TERM PHASES OF FEEDING

A
  • Cephalic (prep)
  • Gastric
  • Substrate
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28
Q

Learn cephalic phase

A

Learn gastric phase

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29
Q

Why do we eat???

A
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30
Q

LEARN MESOCORTICOLIMBIC DOPAMINE SYSTEM

A
31
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens also referred to as?

A

Ventral striatum
(The nucleus accumbens is a specific region within the ventral striatum.)

32
Q

What is the striatum a major component of?

A

The basal ganglia

33
Q

The striatum itself is divided into several subregions, including two key subregions:

A

dorsal striatum and the ventral striatum.

34
Q

The nucleus accumbens plays a crucial role in what key things?

A
  • Reward system
  • Dopaminergic system
  • Addiction
  • Motivation
35
Q

What is the term hedonic?

A

means pleasure or enjoyment.

36
Q

LEARN AND DRAW THIS DOPAMINE AND ADDICTION SYSTEM

A
37
Q

Do dopamine neurons ire more when reward is unexpected?

A

yes

38
Q

Learn the drinking pathway

A

Role of vasopressin

39
Q

LEARN THIS

A
40
Q

Where is the arcuate nucleus found?

A

Within the hypothalamus

41
Q

Where does the arcuate nucleus signal immediately?

A

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

42
Q

What is the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) highly associated with?

A

Food intake and expenditure regulation

43
Q
A
44
Q

Where is leptin secreted from?

A

Adipose tissue

45
Q

What regulates adipose tissue and leptin release?

A

Pancreatic insulin levels

46
Q

What is a humoral response?

A

Hypothalamus responds to sensory signals
= stimulate or inhibit pituitary hormones ACTH and TSH

47
Q

What is a visceromotor response?

A

Hypothalamic neurons regulate PNS and SNS homeostasis

48
Q

What is a somatic motor response?

A

ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- lateral hypothalamus responds to sensory signals
- initiating motor responses.

49
Q

Bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus causes what disorder in regards to feeding?

A

Anorexia
Severely diminished appetite for food

50
Q

bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus causes ‘what’ in regards to feeding?

A

Overeating and obesity

51
Q

destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus leaves the animals….

A

insatiable

52
Q
A
53
Q

Does AgRP neuropeptide stimulate hunger? Y/N

A

Yes

54
Q

If leptin is high - how will this influence AgRP?

A

Inhibits AgRP release
(Inhibiting hunger)

55
Q

If leptin is low - how will this influence AgRP?

A

Increased synthesis and release of AgRP
(Stimulating hunger)

56
Q

An increase in AgRP will out-compete what other neuropeptide?

A

MSH

57
Q

Does Ghrelin stimulate AgRP to promote hunger in the hypothalamus? Y/N

A

Yes

58
Q

What effect does intestinal Peptide YY have on AgRP neurons in the hypothalamus?

A
  • binds to AgRP neurons in the brain
  • INHIBITS AgRP release
  • Promotes satiety
  • REDUCES hunger
59
Q

Where is melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) produced in the pituitary gland?

A

Intermediate zone of the pituitary gland

60
Q

The response to elevated leptin levels.

A

Elevated leptin levels:
- Detected by arcuate nucleus neurons
- Arcuate nucleus neurons contain peptides MSH and CART
- These neurons project axons to the lower brain stem, spinal cord, PVN and Lateral hypothalamus
- INHIBITS FEEDING BEHAVIOUR

61
Q

The response to decreased leptin levels.

A

DECREASED LEPTIN LEVELS:
- Detected by arcuate nucleus
- arcuate nucleus that contain the peptides NPY and AgRP
- NPY & AgRP INHIBIT PVN (decrease TSH, ACTH)
- NPY & AgRP ACTIVATE lateral hypothalamus for FEEDING BEHAVIOUR

  • Some of the activated lateral hypothalamic neurons contain the peptide MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone).
62
Q
A
63
Q

Define orexigenic peptide

A

An orexigenic peptide is a type of protein or peptide that stimulates appetite or increases food intake.

64
Q

Do NPY and AgRP inhibit or stimulate TSH/ACTH secretion?

A

INHIBIT

65
Q

If NPY and AgRP inhibit the release of TSH and ACTH, what ANS division would this activate?

A

parasympathetic
- Stimulation of feeding
- REST AND DIGEST
- THUS OREXIGENIC PEPTIDES ‘meaning appetite’

66
Q
A
67
Q

Does the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have:
a) dopaminergic pathways
b) opiate receptors
c) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
d) all

A

All

68
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

Low blood volume

69
Q

What is hypertonicity?

A

Increase in concentration of substances in the blood

70
Q

Do both hypertonicity and hypovolemia stimulate thirst?

A

Yes
but by different mechanisms

71
Q

5 steps in how hypovolemia stimulates thirst?

A

Volumetric thirst
- decreased blood vlume
- Increased angiotensin II
- drop in vagus mechanoreceptors
- Subfornical organ (SFO) and nucleus of the solitary tract (ST) send info to hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus responds

72
Q

What is Kappa receptor inhibitors?

A

inhibitor to block kappa receptors prior to stress
- Reduces stress-induced drug addicition relapse

73
Q

How does osmometric thirst stimulate hydration?

A
  • Blood becomes hypertonic when it loses water.
  • hypertonicity is sensed by vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
  • The OVLT activates magnocellular & LH
  • Increase ADH
  • LH trigger thirst.
74
Q
A

Brain Anatomy (59 decks)

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