P31 - Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreas Part 5 Flashcards
infectious canine hepatitis caused by
- canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)
severe disease of infectious canine hepatitis effect on liver
- hepatocellular necrosis and hemorrhages
- severe vascular injury -> DIC and death
virus (adenovirus) causing infectious canine hepatitis has predilection for (3)
- hepatocytes
- endothelium
- mesothelium
dogs recovering from infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus) may develop
- immune-complex uveitis - blue eye
most common recognized cause of canine chronic hepatitis
- copper accumulation
which breed has mutation in COMMD1 gene (involved in copper excretion)
- bedlington terriers
pathogenesis of copper accumulation
- copper accumulates in centrilobular regions and within Kupffer cells -> ongoing oxidative injury with subsequent hepatocellular necrosis, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, nodular remodeling and eventual end-stage liver (cirrhosis)
what stain is used to identify and quantify copper-associated hepatopathy
- rhodamine stain
canine vacuolar hepatopathy (VH) can be due to accumulation of (2)
- glycoproteins
- lipids
glycogen type vacuolar hepatopathy associated with; nucleus location; and disease associated with
- stress, corticosteroids or underlying disease
- nucleus will remain in center of cell
- Cushing’s
lipid type vacuolar hepatopathy associated with and nucleus location
- fatty degeneration
- hypoxia, certain toxins or with metabolic/endocrine disease (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus)
- nucleus will be pushed periphery
pathogenesis of glycogen-type vacuolar hepatopathy
- glucocorticoids induce glycogen synthase activity (hepatocytes are making more glycogen) -> accumulation causes swelling of hepatocytes
cholelithiasis are
- gallstones
- components of bile become supersaturated and precipitate
gallstones become clinically significant when
- stones obstruct bile duct resulting in extrahepatic cholestasis and posthepatic hyperbilirubinemia
acute cholecystitis
- inflammation of gallbladder
chronic cholecystitis may be caused by (3)
- chronic ascending bacterial infection of biliary tree
- chronic irritation from cholelithes or parasites (flukes)
- rupture of gallbladder
acute cholecystitis may be caused by
- systemic viral infections
gallbladder mucocele in dogs characterized by
- distended gallbladder filled with mucus
clinical signs of gallbladder mucocele
- signs of biliary obstruction
- abdominal pain
- gallbladder rupture
signs of biliary obstruction
- increase in bile acids, bilirubin, ALP and GGT
does with ____ have higher incidences of gallbladder mucocele
- hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s)
what breed is over-represented with gallbladder mucocele
- shetland sheepdogs
acute necrotizing pancreatitis is most common in
- obese, sedentary bitches
- cocker spaniels (over-represented)
3 general mechanisms proposed for acute necrotizing pancreatitis
- obstruction of pancreatic ducts
- direct injury to acinar cells
- autodigestion
clinically presenting patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (4)
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- anorexia
- painful abdomen
what enzyme level is elevated in acute necrotizing pancreatitis
- pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI)
increase incidences of chronic pancreatitis in
- cocker spaniels
- cavlier king
- collies
- boxers
4 general mechanisms considered for pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis
- chronic obstruction of ducts
- chronic bacterial infection from intestines
- repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis
- immune-mediated pancreatitis
over time chronic pancreatitis leads to
- progressive fibrosis and loss of functional glandular parenchyma -> exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) caused by
- pancreatic atrophy with insufficient synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes by exocrine pancreas leading to poor digestion
eating all the time but not digesting food and not gaining weight is common sign of
- exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) characterized by
- polyphagia
- weight loss
- diarrhea
- vomiting
feces of animals suffering with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
- pale, loose, voluminous, malodorous
what enzyme is decreased with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
- trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI)
what percentage dose pancreas have reserve
- 90%
3 pathogenesis observed for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
- chronic pancreatitis with progressive pancreatic atrophy
- obstruction of pancreatic ducts
- juvenile pancreatic atrophy
juvenile pancreatic atrophy most common in and inherited as
- young (6-12 month) german shepherd and rough-coated collies
- inherited as autosomal recessive trait
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) most successfully treated by
- supplementation with pancreatic enzymes
T/F: metastasis of pancreatic carcinoma is common
- true - often diagnosed later with poor prognosis
pancreatic nodular hyperplasia in dogs and cats significance
- incidental finding
- often no clinical significance
pancreatic adenoma only described in what species
- cats
