P18 - Infectious Disease

Question 1

how does bacteria enter the thoracic cavity (4)

Answer 1

• penetrating injury through body wall
• penetrating injury through trachea
• hematogenous spread
• ruptured pulmonary abscess

Question 2

important pattern recognition receptors (2)

Answer 2

• toll-like receptors (cell membrane)

- NOD-like receptors (cytoplasm)

Question 3

TLR signaling leads to pro-inflammatory responses of (2)

Answer 3

• cytokines

- neutrophil chemokines

Question 4

how all the neutrophils get to site of injury and result in suppurative inflammation

Answer 4

• neutrophil chemotaxis

Question 5

what type of pathogens really drive granulomatous inflammation

Answer 5

• pathogens that survive and replicate within macrophages

Question 6

morphology of granulomatous lesion (2)

Answer 6

• nodular granuloma

- diffuse granulomatous

Question 7

general concepts of infectious disease (6)

Answer 7

• portals of entry
• infection dynamics
• mucosal barrier functions
• monocyte-macrohpage system
• leukocyte trafficking
• avoidance of phagocytosis and killing

Question 8

infection dynamics (5)

Answer 8

• transmission
• encounter with infectious organisms
• adherence to mucosa and skin
• colonization and growth
• invasion and spread

Question 9

2 barrier of innate immunity

Answer 9

• physical barrier

- immunological barrier

Question 10

phagocytic cells (2)

Answer 10

• dendritic cells

- monocyte-macrophage system

Question 11

what is the monocyte-macrophage system

Answer 11

• network of macrophages -> phagocytize stuff -> go to regional lymphoid tissue for antigen presentation to effector cells

Question 12

what do pathogens use to evade the immune system and spread systemically (3)

Answer 12

• macrophages
• lymphocytes
• DCs

Question 13

viral pathogenicity is closely related to what

Answer 13

• viral replication cycle (attachment, replication, shedding)

Question 14

rotavirus is enterotorpic - which means

Answer 14

• only affects cells within villus

Question 15

distribution of viral receptors in host determines ______ which causes specific clinical signs

Answer 15

• tissue tropism (respirotropic, enterotropic, neurotropic, viscerotropic, panotropic)

Question 16

direct viral pathophysiology clinical signs (4)

Answer 16

• cellular dysfunction
• cell death
• lesion development
• organ system impairment

Question 17

indirect viral pathophysiology clinical signs (3)

Answer 17

• flu-like symptoms (cytokines)
• hypersensitivity reactions
• cell-mediated tissue injury

Question 18

T/F: serous to catarrhal nasal discharge is viral

Answer 18

• true

Question 19

T/F: mucopurulent nasal discharge is viral

Answer 19

• false, is bacterial

Question 20

viral infection causes cell-cell fusion which promotes what

Answer 20

• spread and replication

Question 21

bacterial virulence determinants (8)

Answer 21

• facilitate mucosal colonization
• motility
• digestion of mucus layer
• facilitate adherence of host cell membrane
• facilitate cell entry and tissue migration
• facilitate growth and replication
• production of toxins that kill phagocytes and damage tissues
• promote survival by inhibition of host immune response

Question 22

exotoxins and lipoteichoic acid predominantly from gram + or - bacteria

Answer 22

• positive

Question 23

endotoxins and lipopolysaccharids (LPS) predominantly from gram + or - bacteria

Answer 23

• negative

Question 24

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by which toll-like receptor (TLR) and what does it do

Answer 24

• TLR4 -> kicks off pro-inflammatory response -> neutrophil recruitment and cytokine storm

Question 25

fatal outcomes of endotoxemia (2)

Answer 25

- DIC | - endotoxic shock

Question 26

gross lesions of endothelial injury due to endotoxemia (3)

Answer 26

- leaky blood vessels - fibrinous effusions - petechia and ecchymoses

Question 27

fungal pathogenicity is regulated by virulence determinants which relate to what 2 phases

Answer 27

- saprophytic phase - environment | - parasitic phase - host

Question 28

what type of inflammation is typically associated with fungal infection

Answer 28

- granulomatous

Question 29

mild acute diffuse fibrinous glossitis with pseudomembrane is what fungal disease pathogenesis

Answer 29

- mucosal overgrowth (thrush)

Question 30

mild chronic focal nodular granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis is what fungal disease pathogenesis

Answer 30

- tissue inoculation

Question 31

moderate chronic multifocal pyogranulomatous bronchointerstitial pneumonia is what fungal disease pathogenesis

Answer 31

- inhalation

Question 32

moderate subacute diffuse pyogranulomatous enteritis is what fungal disease pathogenesis

Answer 32

- ingestion

Question 33

moderate chronic generalized multifocal granulomatous hepatitis is what fungal disease pathogenesis

Answer 33

- systemic dissemination

Question 34

what type of fungal infections can be seen with blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis

Answer 34

- systemic (disseminated) fungal infection

Question 35

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) is caused by what

Answer 35

- prions

Question 36

T/F: prions are highly resistant and can persist in the environment

Answer 36

- true

Question 37

prion disease can be classified into what based on the mechanisms that trigger misfolding (3)

Answer 37

- infectious - sporadic - genetic

Question 38

T/F: prion diseases are progressive and fatal

Answer 38

- true; are rapidly progressive

Question 39

T/F: prion diseases initiate an inflammatory response

Answer 39

- false - no inflammatory response