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Pathology I > P18 - Infectious Disease > Flashcards

P18 - Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

how does bacteria enter the thoracic cavity (4)

A
  • penetrating injury through body wall
  • penetrating injury through trachea
  • hematogenous spread
  • ruptured pulmonary abscess
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2
Q

important pattern recognition receptors (2)

A
  • toll-like receptors (cell membrane)

- NOD-like receptors (cytoplasm)

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3
Q

TLR signaling leads to pro-inflammatory responses of (2)

A
  • cytokines

- neutrophil chemokines

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4
Q

how all the neutrophils get to site of injury and result in suppurative inflammation

A
  • neutrophil chemotaxis
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5
Q

what type of pathogens really drive granulomatous inflammation

A
  • pathogens that survive and replicate within macrophages
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6
Q

morphology of granulomatous lesion (2)

A
  • nodular granuloma

- diffuse granulomatous

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7
Q

general concepts of infectious disease (6)

A
  • portals of entry
  • infection dynamics
  • mucosal barrier functions
  • monocyte-macrohpage system
  • leukocyte trafficking
  • avoidance of phagocytosis and killing
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8
Q

infection dynamics (5)

A
  • transmission
  • encounter with infectious organisms
  • adherence to mucosa and skin
  • colonization and growth
  • invasion and spread
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9
Q

2 barrier of innate immunity

A
  • physical barrier

- immunological barrier

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10
Q

phagocytic cells (2)

A
  • dendritic cells

- monocyte-macrophage system

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11
Q

what is the monocyte-macrophage system

A
  • network of macrophages -> phagocytize stuff -> go to regional lymphoid tissue for antigen presentation to effector cells
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12
Q

what do pathogens use to evade the immune system and spread systemically (3)

A
  • macrophages
  • lymphocytes
  • DCs
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13
Q

viral pathogenicity is closely related to what

A
  • viral replication cycle (attachment, replication, shedding)
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14
Q

rotavirus is enterotorpic - which means

A
  • only affects cells within villus
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15
Q

distribution of viral receptors in host determines ______ which causes specific clinical signs

A
  • tissue tropism (respirotropic, enterotropic, neurotropic, viscerotropic, panotropic)
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16
Q

direct viral pathophysiology clinical signs (4)

A
  • cellular dysfunction
  • cell death
  • lesion development
  • organ system impairment
17
Q

indirect viral pathophysiology clinical signs (3)

A
  • flu-like symptoms (cytokines)
  • hypersensitivity reactions
  • cell-mediated tissue injury
18
Q

T/F: serous to catarrhal nasal discharge is viral

A
  • true
19
Q

T/F: mucopurulent nasal discharge is viral

A
  • false, is bacterial
20
Q

viral infection causes cell-cell fusion which promotes what

A
  • spread and replication
21
Q

bacterial virulence determinants (8)

A
  • facilitate mucosal colonization
  • motility
  • digestion of mucus layer
  • facilitate adherence of host cell membrane
  • facilitate cell entry and tissue migration
  • facilitate growth and replication
  • production of toxins that kill phagocytes and damage tissues
  • promote survival by inhibition of host immune response
22
Q

exotoxins and lipoteichoic acid predominantly from gram + or - bacteria

A
  • positive
23
Q

endotoxins and lipopolysaccharids (LPS) predominantly from gram + or - bacteria

A
  • negative
24
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by which toll-like receptor (TLR) and what does it do

A
  • TLR4 -> kicks off pro-inflammatory response -> neutrophil recruitment and cytokine storm
25
Q

fatal outcomes of endotoxemia (2)

A
  • DIC

- endotoxic shock

26
Q

gross lesions of endothelial injury due to endotoxemia (3)

A
  • leaky blood vessels
  • fibrinous effusions
  • petechia and ecchymoses
27
Q

fungal pathogenicity is regulated by virulence determinants which relate to what 2 phases

A
  • saprophytic phase - environment

- parasitic phase - host

28
Q

what type of inflammation is typically associated with fungal infection

A
  • granulomatous
29
Q

mild acute diffuse fibrinous glossitis with pseudomembrane is what fungal disease pathogenesis

A
  • mucosal overgrowth (thrush)
30
Q

mild chronic focal nodular granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis is what fungal disease pathogenesis

A
  • tissue inoculation
31
Q

moderate chronic multifocal pyogranulomatous bronchointerstitial pneumonia is what fungal disease pathogenesis

A
  • inhalation
32
Q

moderate subacute diffuse pyogranulomatous enteritis is what fungal disease pathogenesis

A
  • ingestion
33
Q

moderate chronic generalized multifocal granulomatous hepatitis is what fungal disease pathogenesis

A
  • systemic dissemination
34
Q

what type of fungal infections can be seen with blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis

A
  • systemic (disseminated) fungal infection
35
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) is caused by what

A
  • prions
36
Q

T/F: prions are highly resistant and can persist in the environment

A
  • true
37
Q

prion disease can be classified into what based on the mechanisms that trigger misfolding (3)

A
  • infectious
  • sporadic
  • genetic
38
Q

T/F: prion diseases are progressive and fatal

A
  • true; are rapidly progressive
39
Q

T/F: prion diseases initiate an inflammatory response

A
  • false - no inflammatory response

Pathology I (42 decks)

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