P3 - Fluids and Vascular Disorders

Question 1

vessels that have large diameter lumens, thick tunica media, and are pressure reservoirs

Answer 1

arteries

Question 2

vessels that have narrow lumens, thick tunica media and distribute blood to greatest areas of need

Answer 2

arterioles

Question 3

site of nutrient/waste product exchange

Answer 3

capillaries

Question 4

types of capillaries (3 types)

Answer 4

• continuous
• fenestrated
• discontinuous (sinusoidal)

Question 5

location and function of continuous capillaries

Answer 5

• brain, muscle, lung, bone

- exchange water, O2, CO2 and ion

Question 6

location function of fenestrated capillaries

Answer 6

• renal glomeruli, intestinal villi, endocrine glands

- pores bridged by thin membrane that allows controlled transfer of small molecules and limited amount of protein

Question 7

location and function of discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries

Answer 7

• liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

- junctional complexes between endothelial cells to allow RBC, plasma proteins, and WBC

Question 8

vessels that are very distensible, thin walls, and low vascular resistance

Answer 8

• venules

Question 9

venules can store what percentage of blood volume

Answer 9

• 65%

Question 10

features of lymphatic system

Answer 10

• blind ended capillaries near vascular capillaries
• large interendothelial gaps
• valves to prevent back flow

Question 11

cause of activated state of endothelium

Answer 11

• oxidative stress
• inflammation
• infectious agents
• trauma

Question 12

activated state of endothelium effects

Answer 12

• release of vasoactive mediators
• cytokine mediators
• activation of clotting

Question 13

hydraulic (hydrostatic) pressure

Answer 13

• pressure in a fluid system acted on by a pump

Question 14

colloidal osmotic pressure (COP) or oncotic pressure

Answer 14

• pressure that keeps blood in vessels

Question 15

in health percentage of albumin that contributes to total COP in the plasma

Answer 15

• 75-80%

Question 16

stariling’s law calculates

Answer 16

• difference between hydraulic and osmotic pressure

Question 17

purposes of hydraulic/oncotic pressure gradients (2)

Answer 17

• constant flow between microcirculation and interstitium for exchange of nutrients and waste products
• interstitium provides fluid buffer to increase or decrease plasma volume to ensure effective circulatory function

Question 18

pathogenesis of increased plasma volume (hypervolemia)

Answer 18

• water moves into interstitium and into cells -> due to hydraulic and osmotic gradients -> cells swell

Question 19

pathogenesis of decreased plasma volume (hypovolemia)

Answer 19

• water leaves interstitium and cells -> cells shrink

Question 20

accumulation of excess interstitial fluid

Answer 20

• edema

Question 21

edema is due to (4 things)

Answer 21

• intravascular permeability
• increased hydraulic pressure
• decreased oncotic pressure (COP)
• decreased lymphatic pressure

Question 22

intravascular permeability due to (7 things)

Answer 22

• inflammatory vasoactive substances (histamine, substance P, bradykinin, cytokines)
• infectious agents
• immune mediated mechanisms
• toxins
• metabolic
• type I hypersensitivity (histamine)
• clotting abnormalities

Question 23

increased hydraulic pressure due to (2 things)

Answer 23

• right-sided heart failure

- left-sided heart failure

Question 24

transudate fluid

Answer 24

• low or high protein

- low cells

Question 25

exudate fluid

Answer 25

• high protein

- many cells

Question 26

effusion fluid

Answer 26

• variety of effusions, biliary, chylous, neoplastic, inflammatory