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Pathology I > P22 - Urinary Part 2 > Flashcards

P22 - Urinary Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

ways that acute renal failure can lead to death without supportive therapy

A
  • cardiotoxicity of elevated serum potassium
  • metabolic acidosis
  • pulmonary edema
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2
Q

T/F: anemia is only seen with acute renal failure

A
  • false is seen with chronic renal failure and is non-regenerative
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3
Q

calcium and phosphorus levels in chronic renal failure

A
  • hyperphosphatemia

- hypocalcemia

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4
Q

renal secondary hyperparathyroidism pathogenesis

A
  • hpyerphosphatemia that results in hypocalcemia -> stimulates PTH secretion -> Ca mobilized by osteoclasts -> reduced bone density (osteopenia)
  • may lead to fibrous osteodystrophy (bone replaced by fibrous tissue)
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5
Q

T/F: bilateral parathyroid gland hyperplasia is a common occurrence during renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • true
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6
Q

acute renal failure parameters:

  • PCV
  • BUN/Creat
  • Serum K
  • urine volume
  • kidney size
  • bone density
A
  • normal or increased (dehydration)
  • previously normal with progressive increase
  • +/- hyperkalemia
  • oliguric initially
  • normal or increased
  • normal
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7
Q

chronic renal failure parameters:

  • PCV
  • BUN/Creat
  • Serum K
  • urine volume
  • kidney size
  • bone density
A
  • decreased (reduced EPO)
  • previously increased with sustained elevation
  • usually normal with hyperkalemia only at end stage
  • polyuric
  • decreased
  • may be decreased (renal osteopenia)
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8
Q

kidney portals of entry (4)

A
  • ascending from ureter
  • hematogenous
  • glomerular filtrate
  • direct penetration
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9
Q

ascending bacterial infection results in what type of inflammation

A
  • suppurative pyelonephritis
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10
Q

what is the most important barrier of the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerular basement membrane
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11
Q

how do glomerular mesangium remove macromolecules

A
  • phagocytosis

- part of monocyte-macrophage system

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12
Q

what part of the tubules prevents ascending bacteria from gaining access to interstitium

A
  • tubular basement membrane
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13
Q

kidney dose have regenerative potential but only if what is intact

A
  • basement membrane
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14
Q

where do you find most inflammatory cells when inflammation in the kidneys occur

A
  • interstitium
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15
Q

injury to one part of the nephron results in what

A
  • progressive damage to other components of the nephron with eventual loss of function
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16
Q

glomerular injury can occur as a result of deposition of (4)

A
  • immune complexes
  • thromboemboli
  • bacterial emboli or direct infections
  • proteins
17
Q

glomerular injury can occur by hyperfiltraiton (2)

A
  • prolonged systemic hypertension

- increased dietary protein

18
Q

protein losing nephropathy cause and effects

A
  • glomerular damage -> proteinuria -> hypoproteinemia predominantly due to loss of albumin -> reduced plasma oncotic pressure
  • nephrotic syndrome
19
Q

nephrotic syndrome signs

A
  • swelling of head and limbs

- due to decreased oncotic pressure resulting in ascites, pleural effusion and generalized edema

20
Q

loss of antithrombin III can result in what kind of state and lead to what

A
  • hypercoagulable -> thromboembolic disease
21
Q

tubular damages responses (4)

A
  • atrophy
  • degeneration
  • regeneration
  • necrosis
22
Q

regeneration after tubular injury is only possible if what is left intact

A
  • tubular basement membrane
23
Q

T/F: toxic tubular injury generally leaves TBM preserved which allows for regeneration

A
  • true
24
Q

T/F: ischemic tubular injury generally leaves TBM preserved which allows for regeneration

A
  • false
25
Q

what is the single most important cause of acute renal failure in animals

A
  • acute tubular necrosis
26
Q

2 general causes of acute tubular necrosis

A
  • ischemia

- nephrotoxicity

27
Q

3 mechanisms of acute tubular necrosis resulting in oliguria or anuria

A
  • leakage of tubular ultrafiltrate from damages
  • intratubular obstruction from sloughed necrotic epithelium (cellular casts)
  • loss of blood supply
28
Q

nephrotoxic injury is caused by

A
  • chemicals and/or toxic metabolites that become concentrated in tubules to toxic levels
29
Q

T/F: nephrosis is caused by an inflammatory process

A
  • false - typically caused by hypoxic injury combined with nephrotoxic injury
30
Q

lymphofollicular inflammation is most common response to choric ____ infection

A
  • leptospira

- multi-nodular lymphocytic reaction

31
Q

progressive fibrosis leads to loss of what

A
  • renal function
32
Q

kidney vasculature response to injury (4)

A
  • hyperemia and congestion
  • hemorrhage and thrombosis
  • vasculitis
  • infarction
33
Q

localized area of coagulative necrosis that results form vascular occlusion

A
  • infarction
34
Q

large emboli resulting in large renal infarct is occlusion of what artery

A
  • arcuate artery
35
Q

small emboli resulting in small renal infarct is occlusion of what artery

A
  • interlobular artery

Pathology I (42 decks)

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